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A Collaborative Approach for Triggering Environmental Awareness: The 3Rs for Sustainable Use of Natural Resources in Ulaanbaatar (3R4UB)
(2023) Gabriella Esposito De Vita; Cristina Visconti; Gantuya Ganbat; Marina Rigillo
Current environmental challenges invite us to deeply revise policies, governance models, and resource management toolkits towards a circular approach, in order to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requirements. In this framework, circular waste management is one of the pillars of responsible and foresighted planning for territorial sustainability. The “3Rs for a sustainable use of natural resources in Ulaanbaatar” (3R4UB) project aims at transferring a sustainable approach to urban solid waste management, especially focusing on providing effective opportunities for developing circular supply chains locally. In this framework, an integrated approach has been developed in order to adapt the communication/exploitation plan of sustainable waste management within a SWITCH-Asia Country (EU Program) by combining engagement tools and participatory processes for the collaborative design of a waste management masterplan. This paper explores the spatialization of resources/waste flows in the formal and informal settlements, while also considering cultural traditions, social structures, and community habits, in terms of a purposely designed combination of spatial planning, governance modeling, and capacity building activities. Starting from a preliminary communication plan, this paper sets the frame for discussing the role of community engagement tools and protocols in producing an effective and generalizable collaborative waste management masterplan.
A convenient location for an inner urban freight terminal
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2023-05-19) Khangal Lkhagvasuren; Dorjsundui Gombokhurts; Galsandamdin Ganbold
This thesis seeks to identify an optimal location for an inner urban freight terminal, prioritizing operational efficiency and mitigating urban impacts. It conducts a comprehensive analysis of factors crucial to the selection process. The study evaluates transportation infrastructure, including road networks and proximity to major hubs, ensuring accessibility and connectivity. Zoning regulations are examined to comply with land use policies. Proximity to customers and markets is considered to optimize delivery routes and minimize costs. Environmental impact is assessed, targeting air and noise pollution, traffic congestion, and sustainable practices. Adequate infrastructure and facilities, such as land availability and utilities, are evaluated. Collaborative opportunities with stakeholders are explored to enhance operations. Future growth and expansion potential are also accounted for, examining economic trends and development plans. By analyzing transportation infrastructure, zoning regulations, customer proximity, environmental impact, infrastructure, collaboration, and future growth, this thesis aims to identify a convenient location for an inner urban freight terminal.
A gis-based methodology for green roof design in a densely built-up area in ulaanbaatar, mongolia
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2022-05-16) Nandin-Erdene Saranbaatar; Uuganbaatar Zulkhuu; Gantuya Ganbat
Ulaanbaatar has the highest population density in Mongolia. Consequently, for the past few decades, the massive movement of people to the city led to unplanned urbanization.
Advanced metallurgical test work on zinc ore
(2024) Baasandorj Myagmarsuren; Dorjsundui Gombokhurts; Dashdondog Yamaaranz; Purev-Ochir Togtokhbaatar
In these leaching investigations, sulfuric acid was employed to study the leaching rate of zinc ore, and the results were used to construct the simulative model with inverse methodology. To construct the simulative model, the prior results are used to identify the parameters and variable inter-relation with a shrinking-core model and re-expanded into column model using an interpolation with regression models. The model was tested against a column leaching to calibrate and extended to predict under different parameters for further cases. The zinc ore primarily consists of calcite, quartz, and dolomite, as determined by MLA-SEM analysis conducted in Germany. Chemical analysis revealed that the ore contains approximately 1.31% zinc, a figure confirmed by MLA-SEM. The optimal sulfuric acid concentration was found to be around 50 g L-1 , achieving a zinc recovery rate of approximately 60% within 8 hours. The maximum zinc recovery reached 72.5% at a concentration of 80 g L-1 within 64 hours. A bottle roller test was conducted to generate fundamental data for subsequent column leaching experiments. The column leaching test was carried out over a 30-day period, resulting in a zinc recovery of 19.01%. Additionally, the mathematical model predicted a recovery of 17.85% within the same timeframe, with a strong correlation of approximately 95% between the simulated and experimental results.
Advanced methods in processing deep-sea manganese nodules
(2024) Purev-Ochir Togtokhbaatar; Thomas Lütke; Peter Fröhlich; Martin Bertau
Deep Sea Manganese nodules are investigated by chemical leaching and solid-state chlorination (SSC) to explore a cheaper processing method. Mn nodules contain various essential elements of cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), and Zinc (Zn). The pulverized Mn nodule dissolved in Oxaline (1 oxalic acid + 1 choline chloride) completely within 30 min, and in Ethaline (1 Ethylene glycol + 1 choline chloride) within 72 hours. Also, diluted acids (1M H2SO4 and 1M HCl) leaching with reducing agents (H2O2 or C2H2O4) showed efficient dissolution rates. Furthermore, SSC was effective method to process Mn nodules in a presence of NH4Cl then processed nodules leached in diluted acids. Mn dissolution rate can be ordered at 300 °C (~ 50 %), 600 °C (~ 90 %) without reducing agents. Also, these leaching experiments were carried out with reducing agents and those enhanced the Mn dissolution rate by significant amounts. Finally, leaching solutions processed by the electro winning Mn and Cu are successfully deposited on the electrodes.
Advancing the resource nexus concept for research and practice
(2024) Floor Brouwer; Serena Caucci; Daniel Karthe1; Sabrina Kirschke; Kaveh Madani; Andrea Mueller; Lulu Zhang; Edeltraud Guenther
The nexus concept has considerably matured during the past decade. Numerous literature reviews have significantly contributed to taking stock of the advancements in knowledge and tool development to improve science-policy support on highly connected and interdependent resources. However, literature reviews often focus on specific sector-based nexus concepts (such as water-energy-food nexus) and analyses (such as environmental assessment, technical tools, or the management and policy dimension). Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the actual nexus and the resources it builds upon still needs to be improved. This paper aims to test the validity of the nexus construct for research and practice. Based on a systematic review of reviews, including 62 nexus-related review papers and subsequent consultation of some sixty nexus experts, we suggest a robust but flexible approach to advancing the Resource Nexus for research and practice. In doing so, the knowledge provided by nexus research may provide more substantial support to decision-makers when designing and implementing policies for the sustainable management of environmental resources.
Agile methodology in Mongolian Telecommunication Sector
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2024-05-10) Tegshjargal Nemekhbat; Enkhzaya Chuluunbaatar; Altanchimeg Galsandash
Due to market rivalry, rising customer expectations, and technological improvements, Mongolia's telecommunications industry has grown and advanced significantly in recent years. Telecommunications firms are constantly looking for new and creative ways to improve their services, stay ahead of the competition, and streamline their processes in order to effectively navigate this ever-changing terrain. Agile approaches are becoming widely used by businesses as a revolutionary framework to improve their project management practices and address the issues they encounter.
Analysis of Coal Combustion By-Products (CCBs) in Mongolia in Consideration of the Characteristics to be suitable for Backfilling and Securing of abandoned Small Scale Coal Mines
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2019-05-07) Khangai Gerelsukh; Baasandorj Myagmarsuren; Temuulen Purevdorj; Peter Vossen; Martin Knippertz
The research aimed to evaluate the possibility to use CCBs and industrial wastes for backfilling material for underground mines. Hundreds of thousand tons of CCBs in Mongolia is being landfilled despite its economical and beneficial properties. Following tests and analyses were made to evaluate CCBs and industrial wastes: sieve analysis, SEM analysis, radioactivity detection, moisture content analysis, XRF chemical content analysis, uniaxial compression test, elution test and FTIR analysis. Total of 9 CCBs and 1 electric-arc furnace slag from 7 different location/plant have been evaluated to represent Mongolian CCBs. Backfill mix designs were designed to compare the materials and to choose the best suited material for backfilling purpose. During the research, fly ash from the thermal plant #4 and ger district bottom ash had been proven as a suitable material for backfilling while other material can be utilized but, other binder additives such as portland cement must be used. Any of the evaluated materials in this research are investigated not being harmful to environment and to human health. Fly ash and ger district ash are the most common CCBs in Mongolia. More than 200 thousand tons of fly ash and another 200-230 thousand tons of ger district bottom ash are being generated annually.
Analysis of harmonic behavior in power grids with induction melting furnaces
(2023) Ariunbolor Purvee; Ankhbayar Vandandorj
This research paper investigates the impact of an 800 kW induction furnace on power quality within a connected power grid. The performance and lifespan of induction furnaces can be negatively affected by harmonic voltages and currents. The degree of harmonic distortion in an induction furnace is influenced by the melting load, and excessive distortion can result in the generation of higher frequencies in the power distribution system. This phenomenon poses significant challenges to power systems, including power quality issues and equipment failures. Therefore, it is crucial to closely monitor and control the level of harmonic distortion to ensure optimal system performance and longevity. In this study, power quality and its parameters are assessed following the Mongolian MNS 1778:2007 standard, which outlines twelve parameters for evaluating single-phase or three-phase 50 Hz AC power systems. However, particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of total harmonic distribution (THD) as a key parameter impacting power quality. Our analysis demonstrates that substantial distortion in the furnace current waveform can lead to THD voltages in 6/10 kV transmission lines and substations, resulting in energy efficiency losses.
Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes
(2018) Richard Turton; Joseph A. Shaeiwitz; Debangsu Bhattacharyya
Analyzing the structural integrity and performance of the safety railings(guardrail) system on the Nalaikh-Ulaanbaatar road
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2024-05-10) Dashdavaa Tuvshintur; Sungchil Lee; Odbileg Norovrinchen
Road traffic accidents along the Nalaikh-Ulaanbaatar road have raised significant concerns about the safety measures in place, particularly the effectiveness of the safety railings. This thesis explores the structural integrity and performance of these railings with an aim to enhance road safety and mitigate accident severity. Through a combination of field assessments, consultations with local authorities and road safety experts, and a thorough literature review on global safety railing standards, this research evaluates the current railings' condition and their compliance with safety norms. The findings indicate that while the railings meet certain Mongolian national standards, they are inadequate in terms of reducing the impacts of road accidents due to deficiencies in design, maintenance, and material resilience. Consequently, this study proposes a set of improvements, incorporating advanced international practices in safety railing design and stricter maintenance schedules. These enhancements are intended to provide robust support in preventing vehicles from veering off the road, ultimately leading to a safer commuting experience along this vital artery. The recommendations put forth by this thesis are expected to contribute significantly to the national discourse on road safety improvements and set a precedent for future infrastructure projects in Mongolia.
Arsenic monitoring in nalaikh’s surface waters particular “bus nuur” lake
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2018-05-31) Sainsanaa Amarsanaa; Ariuntuya Tserendorj; Daniel Karthe
Nalaikh is located in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, known for illegal mining activity. Earlier investigations concerned mining land disturbance and pointed on air, soil and importantly water. Which revealed in unexpected arsenic, which is a highly toxic element, exposure in the Bus Lake. The research is aimed to find seasonal and weather changes of the Bus Lake characteristics and indicating level of toxicity.
Assessment of air quality improvements in ulaanbaatar's ger areas after the introduction of improved briquette coal
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2021-05-28) Luvsanravjaa Buujav; Gantuya Ganbat; Khulan Tsermaa
The Mongolian capital of Ulaanbaatar has been listed most polluted city in the world by the World Health Organization (WHO). The main reason is that during the winter months, most of it is caused by small coal and wood-fired stoves used for heating and cooking in Ger (Traditional yurts) districts. By considering these issues Mongolian Government took a series of actions to reduce air pollution, and one of them was the implementation of improved briquette coal beginning on May 15, 2019.
Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils near tanneries in Ulaanbaatar, mongolia, and options for remediation
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2024-05-10) Mandukhai Manaljav; Oyunbat Purevsuren; Martin Knippertz; Gantuya Ganbat
Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, longevity in the atmosphere, and ability to accumulate. Though heavy metals naturally occur in the environment and are vital in biochemical and physiological functions for living organisms, high concentrations cause environmental pollution and have negative effects on the environment and human health. The introduction of contaminants in the soil may result in damage to or loss of some or several functions of soils and possible cross contamination of water. The contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with toxic heavy metals is a major environmental concern that has direct and indirect consequences for public health.
Assessment of Land Use effects on Tuul River surface water Quantity and Quality
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2022-05-16) Bolorchimeg Turkhuu; Ariuntuya Tserendorj; Byambakhuu Ishgaldan
The Tuul river basin is a unique region in that it covers only 3.2% of Mongolian territory, but 48% of Mongolian total population lives in Ulaanbaatar. Also, 66.5% of the Mongolian total GDP was produced within this river basin in 2020. Land-use changes due to the expansion of urbanization can pose a threat to downstream ecosystems of the Tuul river, particularly soil and water quality, leading to an increase in surface runoff and nutrient loads. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the impacts of land-use and land cover changes in discharge and water quality in the upper part of the Tuul river basin between 2010 and 2019. Land use/land cover changes, digital elevation model, soil, and meteorological data were used as an input data for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate streamflow and water quality. The model’s performance was determined by statistical parameters including Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE), correlation coefficient (r), and percentage bias (PBIAS). Furthermore, prediction uncertainty was measured using the p-factor and r-factor. The values of NSE (0.56 and 0.66) and r (0.77 and 0.82) for calibration and validation periods at a daily time scale showed that the SWAT model could be used to simulate the discharge. The results of calibrated model showed the increase in surface runoff, and loads of nitrate and phosphorus due to rapid urbanization in the Tuul river basin. The outcomes of the study can be useful in understanding water management strategies and making more appropriate land management decisions and practices.
Assessment of Potential Material Reprocessing of Erdenet Mine Tailings
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2020-06-07) Azjargal Sengedorj; Munkhjargal Chimeddorj; Battsengel Baatar
The objective of this study is to define possible ways to reprocessing Erdenet mine tailings with potential metal recovery. These tailings have relatively high copper and molybdenum concentration (e.g. tailings III has Cu: 0.2-0.5%, Mo: 0.1-0.2% content), some of which are concerned as reusable deposits. But the measured concentration of metals does not have a homogeneous population over the whole tailings due to settling of the materials, reclamation of process water and drying of the materials, etc. The tailing facility is one of the largest in the world with a total area of 18.6 km2. Over 40 years of history of Erdenet processing plant, the tailing has been collected in the tailing dam and now becomes the biggest resource for research. The surface samples were taken from 5 different areas with various depths. Furthermore, physical analysis (Size distribution analysis) and chemical analysis (X-ray Fluorescence element analysis) were done. Based on physical and chemical characteristics, the possible applicable method to reprocessing tailing was investigated. As a result of this study, the possibility of using Erdenet Mine tailings has subjected to technical and economic considerations.
Assessment of soil erosion and geomorphological mapping in and around Baganuur using satellite-based data
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2022-05-26) Bilguundalai Batkhuyag; Martin Knippertz; Enkhjargal Sodnomdarjaa
Satellite photography and remote sensing in general are becoming more important not only in the environmental sciences, but also in other fields such as economics, engineering, politics, archeology, and so on. As a result, this thesis will use satellite imagery and remote sensing to investigate erosion and geomorphology in the remote area of Baganuur, which houses one of Mongolia's largest open cast coal mines. The mine supplies a significant amount of coal to Ulaanbaatar's main thermal power plants, and while past examinations have revealed a link between the mine and pollution, most of the studies were conducted within the mine and not outside of it. In
Assessment of soil heavy metal distribution in nalaikh district, ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2022-11-11) Lkhagvasuren Shinetsetseg
Soil ecosystem services, like all ecosystem services, are critical for meeting societal needs like food and energy provision, as well as overcoming societal challenges like climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Assessment of ulaanbaatar air quality based on monitoring stations data
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2018-08-10) Anu-Ujin Sarantuya; Lodoysamba Sereeter; Guyen Battuvshin
This thesis assesses the air pollution data from twelve monitoring stations in Ulaanbaatar (UB). The measurements cover major six pollutants including Particulate Matters (PM10- all particles <10 µm and PM2.5- all particles <2.5 µm), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Ozone (O3). The data obtained from open-source database named OpenAQ. Briefly, there are overall 15 monitoring stations in Ulaanbaatar, but 12 of them are connected to the OpenAQ source and each station’s data collected by 30-minutes range.
Assessment of wind energy resources of Mongolia
(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2022-05-16) Naranzul Bayasgalan; Gantuya Ganbat; Odontungalag Dorjsuren
This study assessed the wind energy potential in Mongolia by analyzing wind speed data collected from 69 stations across the country. The data was categorized by region and analyzed using the Weibull distribution to determine the monthly mean wind speed and wind power density. Additionally, the study evaluated the potential reductions in the usage of CO2, water, and coal that could be achieved through the selection of wind turbines. To visualize the results, maps of wind power density and mean wind speed were created using a GIS program. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the potential of wind energy as a sustainable and environmentally-friendly energy source in Mongolia. Wind speed data were collected from 69 Wind Measurement Towers (WMTs) over the course of one year. The WMTs recorded wind speed measurements every three hours throughout the day at a height of 10 meters. The Gobi areas and east Mongolia have potential wind speed to build wind farms compared to Khangai and West Mongolia.

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