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APPLICATION OF SEED ZONE MAPPING IN MONGOLIA: A CASE STUDY FOR MINE REHABILITATION;
(GMIT, 2026-06-20) Nomin-Erdene G.; 1 st Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Gantuya Ganbat; 2 nd Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Yong Ho Lee
Land degradation from mining activities represents a critical environmental challenge in Mongolia, where the lack of a systematic framework for native plant material selection has limited the effectiveness of mine rehabilitation. This study addresses this gap by developing the first comprehensive GIS-based seed zone map for Mongolia, delineating 44 discrete seed zones through the integration of natural vegetation zones, plant hardiness zones derived from January minimum temperature, and precipitation zones derived from long-term annual precipitation data. The delineation followed a hierarchical, ecoregion-first approach implemented in ArcMap 10.8, with statistical validation performed using PERMANOVA, pairwise environmental distance matrix analysis, and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). PERMANOVA results confirmed statistically significant environmental differentiation among the six ecoregion
groups (F = 4.808, R² = 0.388, p = 0.001), with LDA accounting for 72.8% of between-group variation along the first discriminant axis. The framework was applied to the Energy Resource LLC (Ukhaa Khudag coal mine) in Umnugovi province as a case study. The mine was identified within seed zone MZ7 (Dundgovi Desert zone, H5, Semi-dry), and evaluation of current practices revealed that distant seed sourcing introduces a measurable risk of maladaptation. Native species such as Haloxylon ammodendron and Caragana spp. were identified as the most ecologically suitable for MZ7 conditions. The developed framework provides a scientifically grounded spatial decision-support tool for guiding seed sourcing in mine rehabilitation and ecological restoration across Mongolia.
Industrial engineering in Mongolia: Career paths, awareness, and Future opportunities:
(GMIT,, 2026-06-20) Saruul Ts.; Supervisor 1st: Enkhzaya Ch. Prof.; Supervisor 2nd; Dorjsundui G. Mr
This paper presents findings on employment outcomes, skills utilization, employer recognition, and the value proposition of Industrial Engineering (IE) at the German-Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology (GMIT). Through a mixed-methods Graduate Tracer Study (GTS) design, this research triangulated quantitative responses from 35 out of 49 graduates (response rate: 71.4%, cohorts 2020–2025) with qualitative interviews with three graduates. The study is guided by three research questions addressing labor market insertion (RQ1), employer recognition (RQ2), and future outlook (RQ3) of IE at GMIT. Graduates from GMIT’s IE program have an employment rate of 85.7% and median time to employment of three months. Industry distribution among employed graduates is led by Mining (38.7%), mirroring Mongolia’s status as a resource-driven economy. Despite strong employment outcomes, IE is still perceived poorly by employers (mean 2.79/5). This key finding supports the study’s hypothesis that GMIT IE graduates are already creating value within industry functionally, but IE remains unrecognized institutionally. Respondents most frequently cited gaps between academic training and industry needs around data analytics skills (+0.94 on a 5-point scale) and knowledge of target industries (59.4%). Qualitative interview data highlight systems thinking as the most consistently applicable skill among graduates. This research provides the first systematic body of empirical evidence on GMIT IE graduate outcomes. Based on these findings, we offer twelve specific recommendations for program improvement referenced to the program’s Module Handbook (ACA-PO-022-v1.0, June 2024) [21].
Energy Efficiency Assessment in Small Manufacturing Processes in Mongolia:
(GMIT, Nalaikh, 2026-06-20) Tsogzolmaa E.; Supervisor 1st. Bolormaa P, Prof. Dr.; Supervisor 2nd, Dorjsundui G, Mr
Energy efficiency matters for small manufacturing enterprises because it affects production costs, electricity use, and overall operational performance. In Mongolia, this issue is becoming more important due to rising electricity costs, supply reliability concerns, and limited use of energy management practices in small and medium-sized enterprises. This thesis examines the energy efficiency of a chips factory in Mongolia through a case study approach.
The study uses one year of factory data from 2025, including electricity consumption, production output, raw material input, and equipment information. Interviews with factory staff were also conducted to understand factory operations and possible improvement opportunities better. The analysis focused on electricity consumption, energy intensity, electricity cost per package, and the distribution of electricity use across different processes. A time-of-use tariff scenario was also evaluated to examine possible cost savings. The results show that electricity consumption increased in high-production months, indicating a strong production–energy relationship; however, changes in energy intensity reveal whether efficiency improved or deteriorated. Energy intensity became less efficient during low-production periods. The study also found that most electricity was used in the main production processes and supporting systems. In addition, the time-of-use tariff analysis suggests that some cost savings may be possible with better production scheduling. Overall, the study concludes that energy efficiency in the selected factory can be improved not only through technical changes, but also through practical actions such as better monitoring, maintenance, and scheduling. The findings may also be useful for other small manufacturing enterprises in Mongolia.
Optimization of mining export logistics in Mongolia
(GMIT, Nalaikh, 2026-06-20) Telmuun B.; Supervisor 1st: Prof. Dr. Bolormaa P.; Supervisor 2nd: Mr. Undrakh N.
This thesis assesses the export logistics system supplying Erdenet Mining Corporation (EMC), Mongolia's premier copper concentrate exporter and state-owned mineral enterprise, which represents 13.5 percent of Mongolia's GDP. Scope included material flow from the Erdenetiin-Ovoo mine and the 164 km long Erdenet rail spur as well as the Trans-Mongolian Railway mainline and border crossing at Zamyn-Uud/Erenhot to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. The 2022-2025 audited financial statements show operating cost-per-tonne rising 57.8 percent over the four years whilst profit-per-tonne saw little change, hitting a low of MNT 1.315 million in 2025 from MNT 1.328 million in 2022. Revenue per tonne grew 42.1 percent-substantially slower than cost growth, indicating structural erosion of operational efficiency that favorable copper prices have partially masked. Theory of Constraints-based bottleneck analysis identifies the border crossing between Zamyn-Uud and Erenhot as the system bottleneck. Actual observed border crossing times average from 27 to 37 hours per train, resulting in a Process Cycle Efficiency of less than 10%. Secondary constraints include uncoordinated scheduling on the ErdenetDarkhan spur and the routing of all through-freight via the congested Ulaanbaatar urban corridor. Three optimization phases are proposed. Phase 1 implements Electronic Data Interchange pre-clearance protocols, Authorized Economic Operator classification, and dedicated unit train scheduling. Phase 2 leverages the Bogdkhan Railway Bypass, currently under construction and expected to open in November 2026, to eliminate the Ulaanbaatar bottleneck and enable a 13 percent volume increase. Phase 3 evaluates construction of a greenfield copper smelter to increase product value density by a factor of 4.6 and permanently eliminate Treatment and Refining Charge exposure. Financial modeling under base-case assumptions demonstrates that full system optimization yields an EBITDA uplift of USD 284 million per year, expanding the EBITDA margin from 28.8 percent to 40.2 percent. The Mongolian state budget contribution increases from USD 632 million to USD 952 million annually - a USD 320 million increment. The smelter project generates a positive Net Present Value of USD 850 million at an 84 percent real discount rate, with a break-even copper price of USD 9,500 per tonne - well below current market levels.
Mechanical, chemical, and Thermal processing of acid-grade fluorspar concentrates:
(GMIT, Nalaikh, 2026-06-20) Dulguun S.; Supervisor 1nd, Purev-Ochir T., Prof. Dr.; Supervisor 2st, Narangarav T., Dr.
This study investigates the chemical purification of fluorite (CaF₂) concentrate toward acid-grade quality (≥97% CaF₂) using sequential hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) leaching. The feed material, obtained as a flotation concentrate from a Mongolian deposit, contained approximately 93.02% CaF₂, with silica (2–4%), iron (0.11–0.13%), and carbonate minerals as the primary impurities. The purification process was evaluated through a series of controlled experiments, varying NaOH concentration (1–4 M) and temperature (70–90°C) while maintaining consistent HCl leaching conditions (1 M, 50°C). Chemical and mineralogical characterization was conducted using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), supported by titration and gravimetric analysis for accurate determination of CaF₂, CaCO₃, and SiO₂ contents. HCl leaching was found to be highly effective in removing carbonate and iron impurities, resulting in a consistent decrease in iron content and an apparent increase in calcium concentration due to gangue dissolution. However, silica remained largely unaffected during acid treatment, confirming the chemical stability of quartz. In contrast, NaOH leaching demonstrated that temperature is the dominant factor controlling silica removal. At 70°C, silica reduction was negligible, whereas at 90°C, a maximum reduction of approximately 16.5% was achieved, indicating enhanced dissolution of silica under elevated temperature conditions. The combined treatment resulted in an increase in CaF₂ grade to a maximum of 95.18%, representing a significant improvement over the feed material. However, the acid-grade
specification was not achieved, primarily due to incomplete silica removal, with residual silica remaining in the range of 3–4%. The results confirm that sequential HCl and NaOH leaching is an effective approach for fluorite purification, particularly for the removal of iron and carbonate impurities. Nevertheless, further optimization of alkaline treatment conditions, including increased temperature, extended reaction time, or improved mineral liberation, is required to achieve complete silica removal and meet industrial acid-grade specifications.