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Item Managing automotive end-of-life NiMH and Li-ion batteries in Mongolia: a Material Flow Analysis to assess challenges and opportunities for circular batteries in the Global South(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-02-12) Gantuya Ganbat; Daniel KartheIntroduction: Mongolia’s transition to electric mobility presents environmental opportunities to mitigate air pollution and potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also generates complex waste streams such as end-of-life (EoL) Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) and Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB). This study investigates the status of Mongolia’s waste management system and how it can be optimized to enhance the circularity of such waste streams. Methods: Original data was collected through field research at collection, repair, storage, and disposal sites, and complemented by stakeholder interviews and an analysis of the country’s waste management legislation. Official vehicle fleet statistics (2010–2023) were used to forecast the quantity of EoL NiMH and LIB until 2050 and conduct a Material Flow Analysis for 10 different scenarios. The dataset comprises both qualitative data, describing the current waste management scenario, and quantitative data on vehicle imports, fleet composition, and battery specifications, with assumptions for missing values based on market trends. Results: Results reveal that Mongolia lacks infrastructure and policy for safe and sustainable EoL battery management. EoL battery outflows were estimated using a two-parameter Weibull distribution model; forecast reliability was assessed via out-of-sample backcasting of the vehicle-fleet projection against historical fleet statistics (2019–2023 hold-out: MAPE = 4.71%). The results of the EoL battery quantities are scenario- and parameter-dependent projections for the lifetime and battery-specification assumptions. The results show that cumulatively (from 2023 to 2050), in the Current Scenario, 10,302 tons of EoL NiMH and 38,650 tons of EoL LIB are expected to be generated. In contrast, for the Climate Focus Scenario, 10,455 tons of EoL NiMH and 102,586 tons of EoL LIB are expected. Discussion: The lower values of NiMH in 2050 are due to the expected transition from NiMH to LIB in HEV. Recommendations to enhance EoL battery management’s circularity include focusing on improving EoL battery collection, implementing Extended Producer Responsibility, integrating the existing informal sector, enhancing regional and international cooperation, and improving data acquisition and management. In summary, a combined approach involving local and international cooperation and socio- and technological development is essential for improving the circularity of EoL battery management in Mongolia. 1 IntroductionItem Spatiotemporal Variability of Near-Surface Temperature Inversion over Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia(MDPI, 2026-08-14) Gantuya GanbatNear-surface temperature inversions are prevalent during the cold months in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia, and significantly degrade urban air quality by trapping hazardous pollutants within a shallow atmospheric boundary layer. This study investigates spatiotemporal variability, physical mechanisms, and long-term evolution of near-surface temperature inversions over Ulaanbaatar by integrating 25 years (2000–2024) of ground-based meteorological and radiosonde observations, with high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations for 2012–2023. Our results demonstrate the fourdimensional data assimilation (FDDA) grid nudging effectively captures localized topographic influences in the WRF simulations, showing a strong agreement with radiosonde observations (R2 = 0.783, p < 0.000). Near-surface temperature inversions are strongly controlled by the Siberian High, with the highest frequency occurring from December to February, when up to 67% of morning observations exhibit inversion conditions. A pronounced diurnal cycle was identified, with inversion intensity peaking at 5.6–6.8 ◦C during the early morning hours (02:00–08:00 LST) before reaching a minimum around 14:00 LST. Spatially, the strongest inversions occur along the low-lying Tuul River valley, where the planetary boundary layer is compressed to below 350 m and wind speeds decrease to less than 2.4 m·s−1, creating persistent atmospheric stagnation. Despite these favorable conditions for inversion formation, long-term observations indicate that regional warming (+2.0 ◦C) and the urban heat island effects have reduced inversion frequency by 31%, inversion thickness by 170 m, and inversion intensity by 0.9 ◦C over the past 25 years. These findings demonstrate the strong coupling between regional complex terrain, and boundary layer thermodynamics, highlighting the need to incorporate urban ventilation corridors and topography-informed planning into climate adaptation and winter air-quality management strategies.Item An Actor-Interest-Power (AIP) governance indicator framework for operationalising the Actor-Centred Power approach(Elsevier, 2026-08-03) Daniel KartheSystematic analysis of complex social relations in environmental governance requires clear identification of actors, their interests, power distribution, and interactions. While the Actor-Centred Power (ACP) approach provides a theoretical foundation for analysing governance processes, its application has remained predominantly qualitative, limiting transparency, comparability, and reproducibility across governance contexts. This study develops a structured Actor-Interest-Power (AIP) analytical framework that operationalises the ACP approach by integrating actor interests and power distribution within a transparent and comparable analytical procedure. The framework combines structured actor-interest scoring, power assessment, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to enable systematic exploration and comparison of governance configurations. Drawing on empirical data from mangrove forest management in Thailand, a subset of actors and interests is reanalysed to demonstrate the application of the framework. To further illustrate its analytical utility, six conceptually constructed AIP typologies representing contrasting governance configurations are developed, ranging from aligned high-power structures to fragmented and asymmetric arrangements. Together, the empirical application and conceptual typologies demonstrate how different Actor-Interest-Power (AIP) configurations can be systematically represented and compared within a consistent analytical framework. By operationalising Actor-Interest-Power relationships into a structured analytical framework, this study advances the practical application of the ACP approach and contributes to the development of transparent, reproducible, and configuration-based governance indicators for comparative sustainability assessment and planning.Item Inference of Subsidence Prediction Model Parameters Based on InSAR Data(GMIT, 2025-12-05) Suvd-Erdene Tsend-Ayush; First supervisor: Prof. Dr. Jörg Benndorf,; Second supervisor: Prof. Dr. Altangerel LkhamsurenMining and storage operations can cause ground subsidence that threatens infrastructure. Satellite InSAR measures millimeter‑level motion but only along the radar line of sight, which mixes vertical and horizontal components. This thesis builds a controlled synthetic framework to test how well three subsidence parameters - the influence angle β, convergence rate μ, and horizontal-tilt factor λ can be recovered from synthetic InSAR line-of-sight (LOS) data. A Gaussian influence function generates vertical, tilt, and horizontal fields that are projected into ascending and descending viewing geometries and perturbed with 1–2 mm Gaussian noise. A series of numerical experiments was performed, including baseline inversion, ASC-only vs. DES-only geometry tests, noise-level sensitivity, and multi-scenario horizontal-factor cases (λ = 0.3, 0.5, 1.0). Parameters are estimated with weighted nonlinear least squares and assessed with residual diagnostics, Monte‑Carlo uncertainty, and sensitivity tests for noise and geometry. Limited Bayesian (MCMC) and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) trials demonstrate probabilistic and sequential extensions. Results show accurate recovery of (β, μ, λ) with residuals at the noise level (~1 mm). Histograms and Q–Q plots indicate near‑normal errors, and per‑orbit RMSE closely matches the standard deviation. Using both orbits (ASC+DES) reduces uncertainty relative to single‑track inversions and weakens parameter coupling, especially for λ. Monte‑Carlo spreads are narrow and scale with noise as expected. The Bayesian and EKF tests agree with the deterministic solution and provide credible intervals and time‑update capability. These findings support combined‑geometry InSAR as a practical basis for estimating subsidence parameters and suggest a clear path to applying the framework to real time‑series.Item Power systems dynamic simulation developments for power quality monitoring:(GMIT, 2023-05-23) Ankhbayar Vandandorj; Supervisor 1st : Prof. Dr. Ariunbolor Pu.; Supervisor 2nd : Dr. Enkh-Amgalan B.This Master's thesis addresses the critical issue of high harmonics impacting the power grid system's power quality, resulting in financial losses, equipment heat generation, transmission and distribution line problems, and electrical shock to end-users. These harmonics are especially problematic within industrial environments such as steel melting furnaces, where significant voltage and current volatility are observed. This study utilized real-time data measurement at the highest and lowest potential points within these furnaces. It developed MATLAB's dynamic simulation to accurately represent and analyze the sinusoidal waveform of fundamental harmonics and the distinctive harmonics generated within the power system's energy conversion process. This analysis adheres to the specifications outlined in the MNS 1778:2007 and IEEE 519-2014 standards, contributing to understanding and preserving power quality in energy dynamics. The gathered data was imported into Microsoft Excel for further processing and evaluation. MATLAB's Graphical User Interface simulated the harmonic oscillations and changes under varying load conditions. The preliminary findings reveal that the odd harmonics, particularly those not divisible by three, are causing substantial damage to the fundamental harmonics waveform, significantly impacting the electrical grid system. Given the current lack of quality control or standardization in the MNS 1778:2007, it is crucial to integrate the IEEE 519-2014 standard's current quality control measures. Future research will delve into the differences in odd harmonics divided by three and not divided by three and develop strategies to filter them using a hybrid filtering system. Furthermore, the research anticipates implementing current harmonics or quality standards into the Mongolian electrical system, promoting electrical purity in the industrial and mining sectors.Item Design And Implementation Of A Data Acquisition System For Multi Fault Diagnosis Analysis In Induction Motors(GMIT, 2024-05-20) Tuvshin Gankhuyag; Supervisor 1: Prof. Dr. Ariunbolor P.; Supervisor 2: Prof. Dr. Turbat ShagdarThis Master's thesis focuses on the design of a data acquisition system for detecting motor faults early and implementing smart maintenance strategies. Understanding and diagnosing faults in induction motors is critical for maintaining the reliability and efficiency of industrial operations. The thesis aims to design a data acquisition system for the early detection of motor faults. By developing a novel data acquisition system and comparing its performance with existing systems, this research aims to provide valuable insights and practical solutions to enhance motor fault diagnosis, ultimately improving operational reliability and reducing downtime in industrial settings. The study begins by introducing the main research topic, discussing its broader context and significance, and emphasizing the need for a reliable data acquisition system for multi-fault diagnosis in induction motors, particularly squirrel cage motors widely used across various industries. A comprehensive study of key motor elements is provided, including their importance and operating principles. Existing methods for motor fault diagnosis and online condition monitoring are covered. The thesis introduces data acquisition systems and reviews various algorithms for their design, including sensors, signal processing techniques, and data analysis methods. The research delves deeper into data acquisition systems, reviewing various algorithms for their design, the selection and placement of sensors, signal processing techniques, and data analysis methods. It investigates the development of an algorithm, flow chart, and block diagram for a data acquisition system to study motor fault data from different load motors in the mineral processing plant. The study details the development and design of the data acquisition system, analyzes and compares the results obtained from different motor loads, and discusses essential aspects based on these results. Furthermore, this research discusses the development and evaluation of a newly designed data acquisition system, the "Motor Analyzer LEVEL V1.0." It compares it with existing systems in the industry, specifically the Baker EXP3000 Explorer Dynamic Motor Analyzer (99-EXP3000-CE). The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) converts real-time data from the time domain into the frequency domain, facilitating detailed analysis. The "Motor Analyzer LEVEL V1.0" was developed based on this research and was tested against the Baker EXP3000 Explorer. Voltage measurements in the time domain from both systems showed very similar results. However, the horizontal axis scales differed due to variations in sampling rates—1000 Hz for the Motor Analyzer LEVEL V1.0 and 10000 Hz for the Baker EXP3000 Explorer. The frequency domain analysis also demonstrated substantial similarity between the two systems, with a validation accuracy of nearly 98% for both current and voltage measurements in both time and frequency domains. 6 This research marks the first development of the Motor Analyzer LEVEL V1.0 in Mongolia is contributing significantly to advancements in local industrial technology. The thesis summarizes these findings, presents conclusions, and offers further recommendations for future research to enhance industrial operations' reliability and efficiency.Item ASSESSMENT OF SOIL HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION IN NALAIKH DISTRICT, ULAANBAATAR, MONGOLIA(GMIT, 2022) Shinetsetseg Lkhagvasuren; Supervisor 1: Dr. Martin Knippertz; Supervisor 2: Prof. Dr. Gantuya GanbatThis research aims to assess the distribution and contamination levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the soil of Nalaikh District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Soil samples were collected from various locations, including mining sites, residential areas, and along roadsides, and analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. The findings indicate that the concentrations of certain heavy metals exceed the natural background levels. The environmental quality was evaluated using the Geo-accumulation Index ($I_{geo}$) and the Contamination Factor (CF). The results suggest that mining activities, coal extraction, and urbanization are the primary contributors to soil contamination in the region. This study provides essential data for environmental monitoring and the development of soil remediation strategies in Nalaikh DistrictItem ON GAP FUNCTIONS FOR QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS VIA DUALITY(Springer Nature, 2024-03-06) Lkhamsuren AltangerelWe extend gap functions to quasi-equilibrium problems by using the duality results. In particular, we obtain new results for quasi-equilibrium problems known earlier for equilibrium problems and mixed quasi-variational inequalities. Bibliography: 12 titles.Item Dividends and Compound Poisson-processes: A new Stochastic Stock Price Model(World Scientific, 2022-05-30) Battulga Gankhuu, Jacob Kleinow, Altangerel Lkhamsuren, Andreas HorschThis study introduces a stochastic multi-period dividend discount model (DDM) that includes (i) a compound nonhomogenous Poisson process for dividend growth and (ii) the probability of firm default. We obtain maximum likelihood (ML) estimators and confidence interval formulas of our model parameters. We apply the model to a set of firms from the S&P 500 index using historical dividend and price data over a 42-year period. Interestingly, stock price estimations calculated with the model are close to the observable prices. Overall, we prove that the model can be a useful tool for stock pricing.Item An Exact Penalty Approach and Conjugate Duality for Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problems with Coupling and Shared Constraints(Иркутского государственного университета, 2020-09-11) Altangerel, L. & Battur, G.Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problems (GNEP) have been attracted by many researchers in the field of game theory, operational research, engineering, economics as well as telecommunication in recent two decades. One of the most important classes of GNEP is a convex GNEP with jointly convex or shared constraints which has been studied extensively. It is considered to be one of the most challenging classes of problems in the field. Moreover, there is a gap in the studies on the GNEP with coupling and shared constraints. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between an exact penalty approach and conjugate duality in convex optimization for the GNEP with coupling and shared constraints. In association with necessary optimality conditions, we obtained the parameterized variational inequality problems. This problem has provided an opportunity to solve many other GNEs. Some numerical results are also presented.