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A convenient location for an inner urban freight terminal
(GMIT, 2023) Khangal Lkhagvasuren; Dorjsundui Gombokhurts; Galsandamdin Ganbold
This thesis seeks to identify an optimal location for an inner urban freight terminal, prioritizing operational efficiency and mitigating urban impacts. It conducts a comprehensive analysis of factors crucial to the selection process. The study evaluates transportation infrastructure, including road networks and proximity to major hubs, ensuring accessibility and connectivity.
A GIS-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR GREEN ROOF DESIGN IN A DENSELY BUILT-UP AREA IN ULAANBAATAR, MONGOLIA
(GMIT, 2022) Nandin-Erdene Saranbaatar; Uuganbaatar Zulkhuu; Gantuya Ganbat
Ulaanbaatar has the highest population density in Mongolia. Consequently, for the past few decades, the massive movement of people to the city led to unplanned urbanization. Today, Ulaanbaatar is facing environmental problems in all seasons of the year. To resolve these issues, some measures have begun such as the “Green City Action Plan for the City of Ulaanbaatar”, and “Green building guidelines”, not to mention “A Billion Tree National Campaign”.
A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE INFLUENCE OF ATTACHMENT STYLES ON ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AND THE BALANCE OF CHALLENGES AND THREATS AMONG JUNIOR WORKERS:
(GMIT, 2025) Iveeltbayar Ganbat; 1st Supervisor: Prof. Ph.D. Enkhzaya Chuluunbaatar; 2nd Supervisor: Prof. Ph.D. Sungchil Lee
ADOPTION OF THE TOWARD SUSTAINABLE MINING (TSM) STANDARD IN MONGOLIA: RECOMMENDATION BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ‘ENERGY RESOURCES’ LLC
(GMIT, 2025-06-04) Oyungerel Ganbaatar; Supervisor 1. Prof.Dr. Enkhzaya Ch.; Supervisor 2. Mrs. Batbayasakh A.
Energy Resource’ LLC is used as a case study in this thesis to examine the adoption of the Towards Sustainable Mining (TSM) standard in Mongolia and evaluate the opportunities and difficulties of applying global sustainability frameworks to the mining industry in Mongolia. This study investigates awareness levels, operational gaps, and institutional readiness for sustainable mining practices through semi-structured interviews and structured surveys with ‘Energy Resource’ LLC employees at the Ukhaa Khudag Mine. Survey results reveal that while 70% of regular employees were unfamiliar with the TSM standard by name, most actively supported sustainability principles in their daily work. Significant difficulties with training, documentation, communication, and resource allocation were found through thematic analysis of interviews. The main challenges were poor comprehension of the TSM criteria, a lack of organized training, inconsistent language, and restricted access to historical data. The study employs a weighted challenge evaluation system and proposes practical recommendations such as mandatory TSM training, centralized document management systems, standardized terminology, and dedicated TSM implementation teams. The findings underscore that companies with existing ISO certifications were better prepared for TSM adoption, highlighting the value of integrated management systems. Ultimately, this thesis provides policymakers and mining companies in Mongolia with practical advice on conforming to global sustainability standards. It concludes that Mongolia can establish its status as a regional leader in responsible mining by strategically investing in internal capacity and stakeholder engagement.
Ambient and Outdoor Air Quality Study of Bayankhoshuu Residential district
(GMIT, 2019) Nomuun Batbaatar; Daniel Karthe; Gunther Stehr
This study was finished in cooperation with the Clean Air-Ger (GLEAR) project, led by Prof. Dr.-Ing Gunther Stehr, therefore data for this study is collected from the pilot area of GLEAR project which is located at the Baynkhoshuu Residential (Ger) district. This thesis assesses the indoor and outdoor air quality measurements produced by 3 different monitoring devices, DustTrack, Sensedge and online database (OpenAQ), and to reach a scientific evaluation on impacts and effects of ESP using that information.
An Actor-Interest-Power (AIP) governance indicator framework for operationalising the Actor-Centred Power approach
(Elsevier, 2026-08-03) Daniel Karthe
Systematic analysis of complex social relations in environmental governance requires clear identification of actors, their interests, power distribution, and interactions. While the Actor-Centred Power (ACP) approach provides a theoretical foundation for analysing governance processes, its application has remained predominantly qualitative, limiting transparency, comparability, and reproducibility across governance contexts. This study develops a structured Actor-Interest-Power (AIP) analytical framework that operationalises the ACP approach by integrating actor interests and power distribution within a transparent and comparable analytical procedure. The framework combines structured actor-interest scoring, power assessment, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to enable systematic exploration and comparison of governance configurations. Drawing on empirical data from mangrove forest management in Thailand, a subset of actors and interests is reanalysed to demonstrate the application of the framework. To further illustrate its analytical utility, six conceptually constructed AIP typologies representing contrasting governance configurations are developed, ranging from aligned high-power structures to fragmented and asymmetric arrangements. Together, the empirical application and conceptual typologies demonstrate how different Actor-Interest-Power (AIP) configurations can be systematically represented and compared within a consistent analytical framework. By operationalising Actor-Interest-Power relationships into a structured analytical framework, this study advances the practical application of the ACP approach and contributes to the development of transparent, reproducible, and configuration-based governance indicators for comparative sustainability assessment and planning.
An Exact Penalty Approach and Conjugate Duality for Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problems with Coupling and Shared Constraints
(Иркутского государственного университета, 2020-09-11) Altangerel, L. & Battur, G.
Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problems (GNEP) have been attracted by many researchers in the field of game theory, operational research, engineering, economics as well as telecommunication in recent two decades. One of the most important classes of GNEP is a convex GNEP with jointly convex or shared constraints which has been studied extensively. It is considered to be one of the most challenging classes of problems in the field. Moreover, there is a gap in the studies on the GNEP with coupling and shared constraints. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between an exact penalty approach and conjugate duality in convex optimization for the GNEP with coupling and shared constraints. In association with necessary optimality conditions, we obtained the parameterized variational inequality problems. This problem has provided an opportunity to solve many other GNEs. Some numerical results are also presented.
Analysis of Coal Combustion By-Products (CCBs) in Mongolia in Consideration of the Characteristics to be suitable for Backfilling and Securing of abandoned Small Scale Coal Mines
(GMIT, 2019) Khangai Gerelsukh; Peter Vossen; Martin Knippertz; Baasandorj Myagmarsuren; Temuulen Purevdorj
The research aimed to evaluate the possibility to use CCBs and industrial wastes for backfilling material for underground mines. Hundreds of thousand tons of CCBs in Mongolia is being landfilled despite its economical and beneficial properties. Following tests and analyses were made to evaluate CCBs and industrial wastes: sieve analysis, SEM analysis, radioactivity detection, moisture content analysis, XRF chemical content analysis, uniaxial compression test, elution test and FTIR analysis. Total of 9 CCBs and 1 electric-arc furnace slag from 7 different location/plant have been evaluated to represent Mongolian CCBs. Backfill mix designs were designed to compare the materials and to choose the best suited material for backfilling purpose.
APPLICATION OF SEED ZONE MAPPING IN MONGOLIA: A CASE STUDY FOR MINE REHABILITATION;
(GMIT, 2026-06-20) Nomin-Erdene G.; 1 st Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Gantuya Ganbat; 2 nd Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Yong Ho Lee
Land degradation from mining activities represents a critical environmental challenge in Mongolia, where the lack of a systematic framework for native plant material selection has limited the effectiveness of mine rehabilitation. This study addresses this gap by developing the first comprehensive GIS-based seed zone map for Mongolia, delineating 44 discrete seed zones through the integration of natural vegetation zones, plant hardiness zones derived from January minimum temperature, and precipitation zones derived from long-term annual precipitation data. The delineation followed a hierarchical, ecoregion-first approach implemented in ArcMap 10.8, with statistical validation performed using PERMANOVA, pairwise environmental distance matrix analysis, and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). PERMANOVA results confirmed statistically significant environmental differentiation among the six ecoregion groups (F = 4.808, R² = 0.388, p = 0.001), with LDA accounting for 72.8% of between-group variation along the first discriminant axis. The framework was applied to the Energy Resource LLC (Ukhaa Khudag coal mine) in Umnugovi province as a case study. The mine was identified within seed zone MZ7 (Dundgovi Desert zone, H5, Semi-dry), and evaluation of current practices revealed that distant seed sourcing introduces a measurable risk of maladaptation. Native species such as Haloxylon ammodendron and Caragana spp. were identified as the most ecologically suitable for MZ7 conditions. The developed framework provides a scientifically grounded spatial decision-support tool for guiding seed sourcing in mine rehabilitation and ecological restoration across Mongolia.
ARSENIC MONITORING IN NALAIKH’S SURFACE WATERS PARTICULAR “BUS NUUR” LAKE
(GMIT, 2018) Sainsanaa Amarsanaa; Martin Knippertz; Daniel Karthe; Ariuntuya Tserendorj
Nalaikh is located in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, known for illegal mining activity. Earlier investigations concerned mining land disturbance and pointed on air, soil and importantly water. Which revealed in unexpected arsenic, which is a highly toxic element, exposure in the Bus Lake. The research is aimed to find seasonal and weather changes of the Bus Lake characteristics and indicating level of toxicity.
Assessment and Modernization of Relay Protection Systems for Auxiliary Transformers at Thermal Power Plant No. 4: Bachelor Thesis
(GMIT, Nalaikh, 2026-06-20) Namuun Ts.; Ankhbayar V. Thesis Supervisor 1st; Ariunbolor P. Ph.D, Thesis Supervisor 2nd
This thesis presents an engineering assessment and modernization proposal for the relay protection system of auxiliary transformer 2BT at Thermal Power Plant No. 4 in Mongolia. The reliable operation of the auxiliary power supply system is essential for maintaining the continuous and safe operation of major plant auxiliaries, including boiler feed pumps, draft fans, circulating pumps, and other motor-driven equipment required for unit operation. The study evaluates the technical condition of the existing 25 MVA, 10.5/6.3/6.3 kV auxiliary transformer 2BT and its associated relay protection system. The assessment includes connected load analysis, transformer loading verification, short-circuit current calculation, review of the existing protection functions, selection of a suitable replacement transformer, and calculation of relay protection settings for the proposed modernization scheme. The load calculation was performed using the demand-factor method, while the short-circuit current calculation was carried out using the per-unit method. The calculated apparent load of transformer 2BT is 26.25 MVA, which exceeds the rated capacity of the existing 25 MVA transformer. This indicates insufficient loading reserve under the considered operating condition and justifies the replacement of the existing unit with a higher-rated transformer. Based on technical compatibility and capacity requirements, the ТРДНС-32000/10 У1 transformer with a rated power of 32 MVA is selected as the preferred replacement option. The calculated three-phase short-circuit currents are 26.07 kA at the 10.5 kV side and 15.08 kA at the 6.3 kV auxiliary bus section. The existing electromechanical relay protection devices are technologically outdated because they offer limited setting flexibility, lack self-diagnostics, lack disturbance recording, and have restricted communication capability. Therefore, the SEL-387A microprocessor-based transformer protection relay is proposed for modernization. This relay provides three-winding differential protection, backup overcurrent protection, harmonic restraint, thermal overload protection, breaker failure protection, event recording, and communication functions. The economic evaluation shows an estimated annual saving of 33,000,000 MNT and a payback period of approximately 9.4 years. The results demonstrate that the proposed transformer replacement and relay protection modernization will improve the reliability, selectivity, sensitivity, and maintainability of the auxiliary power supply system at TPP-4. Assessment and Modernization of Relay Protection Systems for Auxiliary Transformers at TPP-4
ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE AND VEGETATION CHANGES IN SOME AREAS OF THE MONGOLIAN PLATEAU USING SATELLITE DATA
(GMIT, 2025) URANGOO Baasandorj; 1 st Supervisor: Prof. Ph.D. Gantuya Ganbat; 2 nd Supervisor: MSc. Nandin-Erdene Geserbaatar
The Mongolian Plateau is one of Central Asia's most climatically sensitive regions, where ecological changes driven by temperature rise, precipitation variability, and land-use pressure pose growing challenges for environmental sustainability. This study investigates long-term changes in vegetation and climate across three representative plateau regions, including the southern desert, the eastern steppe, and the northern forest-steppe, using satellite-derived data from MODIS sensors (NDVI, LST, and ET) from 2000 to 2024. Data processing and analysis were conducted using Google Earth Engine and QGIS, applying normalization, standardization (Z-score), and weighted integration through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A regional vegetation–climate response type classification was developed, dividing each study area into four types based on environmental conditions and interannual variability. Which are: ● Type I: high NDVI, low LST and ET, with low changes ● Type II: low NDVI, high LST and ET, with low changes ● Type III: high NDVI, low LST and ET, with great changes ● Type IV: low NDVI, high LST and ET, with great changes In Umnugovi Province and neighboring areas of Inner Mongolia, Type I and Type IV accounted for 18.9% and 37.4% of the total area, respectively. In eastern Mongolia (Dornod and adjacent settlements), Type I and Type IV covered 28.8% and 34.0%, respectively. The northern regions (Selenge and Darkhan) exhibited smaller proportions of these types, with 5.0% for Type I and 19.3% for Type IV. These classifications highlight the spatial heterogeneity in vegetation-climate responses under changing climatic conditions and emphasize the value of remote sensing data in informing regional environmental management, land-use policy, and climate adaptation strategies, particularly in mining-affected landscapes
Assessment of Land Use effects on Tuul River surface water Quantity and Quality
(GMIT, 2022) Bolorchimeg Turkhuu; Ariuntuya Tserendor; Byambakhuu Ishgaldan
The Tuul river basin is a unique region in that it covers only 3.2% of Mongolian territory, but 48% of Mongolian total population lives in Ulaanbaatar. Also, 66.5% of the Mongolian total GDP was produced within this river basin in 2020. Land-use changes due to the expansion of urbanization can pose a threat to downstream ecosystems of the Tuul river, particularly soil and water quality, leading to an increase in surface runoff and nutrient loads.
Assessment of Potential Material Reprocessing of Erdenet Mine Tailings
(GMIT, 2020) Azjargal Sengedor; Munkhjargal Chimeddorj; Battsengel Baatar
The objective of this study is to define possible ways to reprocessing Erdenet mine tailings with potential metal recovery. These tailings have relatively high copper and molybdenum concentration (e.g. tailings III has Cu: 0.2-0.5%, Mo: 0.1-0.2% content), some of which are concerned as reusable deposits. But the measured concentration of metals does not have a homogeneous population over the whole tailings due to settling of the materials, reclamation of process water and drying of the materials, etc. The tailing facility is one of the largest in the world with a total area of 18.6 km2. Over 40 years of history of Erdenet processing plant, the tailing has been collected in the tailing dam and now becomes the biggest resource for research
Assessment of soil erosion and geomorphological mapping in and around Baganuur using satellite-based data
(GMIT, 2022) Bilguundalai Batkhuyag; Martin Knippertz; Enkhjargal Sodnomdarjaa
Satellite photography and remote sensing in general are becoming more important not only in the environmental sciences, but also in other fields such as economics, engineering, politics, archeology, and so on. As a result, this thesis will use satellite imagery and remote sensing to investigate erosion and geomorphology in the remote area of Baganuur, which houses one of Mongolia's largest open cast coal mines. The mine supplies a significant amount of coal to Ulaanbaatar's main thermal power plants, and while past examinations have revealed a link between the mine and pollution, most of the studies were conducted within the mine and not outside of it.
‟Assessment of Soil Erosion, Contamination, and Rehabilitation Potential in Mongolian Mining Regions: A Case Study in the Erdenet Copper and Molybdenum, and Baganuur Coal Mining Areas”
(Von der Fakultät für Georessourcen und Materialtechnik der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2024-07-04) Enkhjargal Sodnomdarjaa, M.; Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Frank Lehmkuhl; Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Daniel Karthe
Mining plays a vital role in Mongolia’s economy, contributing significantly to export revenue. However, this economic benefit often comes at the cost of environmental degradation, particularly in regions surrounding major mining sites like the Baganuur lignite mine and the Erdenet copper-molybdenum mine. This study examines the long-term impacts of mining on soil erosion and contamination in Mongolia’s semi-arid steppe zones, aiming to provide insights into the extent of degradation and propose strategies for mitigation and rehabilitation. The study quantifies soil erosion rates in mining regions utilizing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model, remote sensing data, and ground truth observations spanning nearly three decades (1989-2018). Results show a clear correlation between rainfall erosivity and soil erosion, particularly noting peak erosion in July 2018 in both study areas, reaching 7.88 t ha-1month-1 in the Erdenet area and 9.46 t ha-1month-1 in the Baganuur area. Additionally, the spatial distribution of erosion underscores localized impacts near mining sites and adjacent industrial zones. In addition, erosion due to mining activities has led to soil contamination with Heavy Metals and Metalloids (HMM), posing ecological and health risks. Various indices, such as the Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI), Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (PIN), and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), are used to assess soil contamination levels. Findings reveal elevated concentrations of elements such as Zn and As in the Baganuur mining area, and of Cu, Cr, and Zn in the Erdenet mining area. These concentrations exceed the Maximum Permissible Level (MPL) of Mongolian Soil quality standard (MNS 5850:2019), particularly in proximity to mining and industrial areas. This underscores the urgent need for soil rehabilitation initiatives to mitigate environmental and health hazards. Beyond soil degradation, mining activities have broader environmental and socioeconomic consequences. The study evaluates these impacts, emphasizing the importance of science-based rehabilitation plans and robust implementation of environmental regulations aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). Continuous environmental assessments and rehabilitation initiatives are supported to ensure the long-term sustainability of Mongolia’s mining sector, safeguarding both natural ecosystems and local communities. Based on the study findings, several recommendations emerge for mitigating soil degradation and promoting sustainable mining practices in Mongolia. These include:- Implementation of erosion control measures, such as vegetative cover and terracing, to reduce soil erosion rates in mining regions. - Adoption of soil remediation techniques, including phytoremediation and chemical stabilization, to address soil contamination and restore ecosystem health. - Strengthening of environmental regulations and enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance with national standards and promote responsible mining practices. - Integration of environmental considerations into mine planning and operation processes, emphasizing the importance of continuous environmental impact assessments and monitoring. By comprehensively understanding the drivers and consequences of soil erosion and contamination, stakeholders such as mining companies, government agencies, local communities, and environmental organizations can collaboratively devise and implement effective mitigation and rehabilitation strategies. This concerted effort aims to ensure the long-term sustainability of Mongolia’s mining sector and the well-being of its inhabitants and wildlife, all while promoting sustainable development.
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION IN NALAIKH DISTRICT, ULAANBAATAR, MONGOLIA
(GMIT, 2022) Shinetsetseg Lkhagvasuren; Supervisor 1: Dr. Martin Knippertz; Supervisor 2: Prof. Dr. Gantuya Ganbat
This research aims to assess the distribution and contamination levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the soil of Nalaikh District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Soil samples were collected from various locations, including mining sites, residential areas, and along roadsides, and analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. The findings indicate that the concentrations of certain heavy metals exceed the natural background levels. The environmental quality was evaluated using the Geo-accumulation Index ($I_{geo}$) and the Contamination Factor (CF). The results suggest that mining activities, coal extraction, and urbanization are the primary contributors to soil contamination in the region. This study provides essential data for environmental monitoring and the development of soil remediation strategies in Nalaikh District
Assessment of ulaanbaatar air quality based on monitoring stations data
(GMIT, 2018-08-10) Anu-Ujin Sarantuya; Dr. Lodoysamba Sereeter; MSc. Guyen Battuvshin
This thesis assesses the air pollution data from twelve monitoring stations in Ulaanbaatar (UB). The measurements cover major six pollutants including Particulate Matters (PM10- all particles <10 µm and PM2.5- all particles <2.5 µm), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Ozone (O3). The data obtained from open-source database named OpenAQ. Briefly, there are overall 15 monitoring stations in Ulaanbaatar, but 12 of them are connected to the OpenAQ source and each station’s data collected by 30-minutes range.
Assessment of wind energy resources of Mongolia
(GMIT, 2023) Naranzul Bayasgalan; Gantuya Ganbat; Odontungalag Dorjsuren
This study assessed the wind energy potential in Mongolia by analyzing wind speed data collected from 69 stations across the country. The data was categorized by region and analyzed using the Weibull distribution to determine the monthly mean wind speed and wind power density.
AUTOMATION OF COAL BRIQUETTE-FUEL FIRED STOVE FOR GERS
(GMIT, 2022) Enkhmanlai Khuyagbaatar; Odbileg Norovrenchin; Sungchil Lee
Over the past few decades, there has been a consistent growth in the use of stoves for heating in a traditional Mongolian house, so called Ger. The main objective of this research is to implement automation of the existing stove in technical and environmental perspectives and to minimize human manual activities when they use the coal briquette fuel stove.