Research Papers

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An Actor-Interest-Power (AIP) governance indicator framework for operationalising the Actor-Centred Power approach
(Elsevier, 2026-08-03) Daniel Karthe
Systematic analysis of complex social relations in environmental governance requires clear identification of actors, their interests, power distribution, and interactions. While the Actor-Centred Power (ACP) approach provides a theoretical foundation for analysing governance processes, its application has remained predominantly qualitative, limiting transparency, comparability, and reproducibility across governance contexts. This study develops a structured Actor-Interest-Power (AIP) analytical framework that operationalises the ACP approach by integrating actor interests and power distribution within a transparent and comparable analytical procedure. The framework combines structured actor-interest scoring, power assessment, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to enable systematic exploration and comparison of governance configurations. Drawing on empirical data from mangrove forest management in Thailand, a subset of actors and interests is reanalysed to demonstrate the application of the framework. To further illustrate its analytical utility, six conceptually constructed AIP typologies representing contrasting governance configurations are developed, ranging from aligned high-power structures to fragmented and asymmetric arrangements. Together, the empirical application and conceptual typologies demonstrate how different Actor-Interest-Power (AIP) configurations can be systematically represented and compared within a consistent analytical framework. By operationalising Actor-Interest-Power relationships into a structured analytical framework, this study advances the practical application of the ACP approach and contributes to the development of transparent, reproducible, and configuration-based governance indicators for comparative sustainability assessment and planning.
An Exact Penalty Approach and Conjugate Duality for Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problems with Coupling and Shared Constraints
(Иркутского государственного университета, 2020-09-11) Altangerel, L. & Battur, G.
Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problems (GNEP) have been attracted by many researchers in the field of game theory, operational research, engineering, economics as well as telecommunication in recent two decades. One of the most important classes of GNEP is a convex GNEP with jointly convex or shared constraints which has been studied extensively. It is considered to be one of the most challenging classes of problems in the field. Moreover, there is a gap in the studies on the GNEP with coupling and shared constraints. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between an exact penalty approach and conjugate duality in convex optimization for the GNEP with coupling and shared constraints. In association with necessary optimality conditions, we obtained the parameterized variational inequality problems. This problem has provided an opportunity to solve many other GNEs. Some numerical results are also presented.
Collaborative GIS for sustainable waste management: the case of Ulaanbaatar in 3R4UB
(Federico II University Press fedOA Press, 2025-01-01) Francesco Stefano Sammarco, Gaia Daldanise, Fabio Maria Esposito, Gantuya Ganbat, Gabriella Esposito De Vita, Marina Rigillo
The paper is included in the international project “The 3Rs for a sustainable use of natural resources in Ulaanbaatar - 3R4UB”, which develops an innovative method to enhance collaboration between citizens and public authorities in sustainable waste management. Ulaanbaatar (UB), the capital of Mongolia, faces serious challenges due to rapid urbanisation and fragmented planning that lacks tools to integrate social, environmental, and infrastructural dynamics. The city is divided into three areas: the planned city (Soviet legacy), the spontaneous city (the informal settlements of the “gher”), and the city in transition (between planned and spontaneous city). The research proposes the “Ulaanbaatar Spatial Sustainable Waste Management” (UBSWM) approach, which includes spatialising data and information based on GIS tools. The combination of quantitative data (e.g., the number of infrastructures and waste streams) and qualitative data (photographic reportage and awareness-raising strategies in schools) facilitated a multi-scalar narrative of urban dynamics, enhancing the cultural diversity of UB. The results obtained, including an open-access platform on ArcGIS StoryMaps, offer a replicable model to address the challenges of sustainable waste management in similar urban contexts, promoting collaborative planning of more sustainable and equitable public spaces. The study is guided by the research question: How can a spatial and collaborative GIS-based approach support circular and sustainable waste management in transitional urban contexts such as Ulaanbaatar?
Dividends and Compound Poisson-processes: A new Stochastic Stock Price Model
(World Scientific, 2022-05-30) Battulga Gankhuu, Jacob Kleinow, Altangerel Lkhamsuren, Andreas Horsch
This study introduces a stochastic multi-period dividend discount model (DDM) that includes (i) a compound nonhomogenous Poisson process for dividend growth and (ii) the probability of firm default. We obtain maximum likelihood (ML) estimators and confidence interval formulas of our model parameters. We apply the model to a set of firms from the S&P 500 index using historical dividend and price data over a 42-year period. Interestingly, stock price estimations calculated with the model are close to the observable prices. Overall, we prove that the model can be a useful tool for stock pricing.
Gap functions for quasi-variational inequalities via duality
(Springer Nature, 2018-01-10) Altangerel, L.
This paper deals with an application of duality theory in optimization to the construction of gap functions for quasi-variational inequalities. The same approach was investigated for variational inequalities and equilibrium problems in (Pac. J. Optim. 2(3): 667-678, 2006; Asia-Pac. J. Oper. Res. 24(3): 353-371, 2007), and the study shows that we can obtain some previous results for variational inequalities as special cases. Moreover, some applications dealing with the generalized Nash equilibrium problems and mixed variational inequalities are presented.
Managing automotive end-of-life NiMH and Li-ion batteries in Mongolia: a Material Flow Analysis to assess challenges and opportunities for circular batteries in the Global South
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-02-12)
Introduction: Mongolia’s transition to electric mobility presents environmental opportunities to mitigate air pollution and potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also generates complex waste streams such as end-of-life (EoL) Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) and Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB). This study investigates the status of Mongolia’s waste management system and how it can be optimized to enhance the circularity of such waste streams. Methods: Original data was collected through field research at collection, repair, storage, and disposal sites, and complemented by stakeholder interviews and an analysis of the country’s waste management legislation. Official vehicle fleet statistics (2010–2023) were used to forecast the quantity of EoL NiMH and LIB until 2050 and conduct a Material Flow Analysis for 10 different scenarios. The dataset comprises both qualitative data, describing the current waste management scenario, and quantitative data on vehicle imports, fleet composition, and battery specifications, with assumptions for missing values based on market trends.Results: Results reveal that Mongolia lacks infrastructure and policy for safe and sustainable EoL battery management. EoL battery outflows were estimated using a two-parameter Weibull distribution model; forecast reliability was assessed via out-of-sample backcasting of the vehicle-fleet projection against historical fleet statistics (2019–2023 hold-out: MAPE = 4.71%). The results of the EoL battery quantities are scenario- and parameter-dependent projections for the lifetime and battery-specification assumptions. The results show that cumulatively (from 2023 to 2050), in the Current Scenario, 10,302 tons of EoL NiMH and 38,650 tons of EoL LIB are expected to be generated. In contrast, for the Climate Focus Scenario, 10,455 tons of EoL NiMH and 102,586 tons of EoL LIB are expected. Discussion: The lower values of NiMH in 2050 are due to the expected transition from NiMH to LIB in HEV. Recommendations to enhance EoL battery management’s circularity include focusing on improving EoL battery collection, implementing Extended Producer Responsibility, integrating the existing informal sector, enhancing regional and international cooperation, and improving data acquisition and management. In summary, a combined approach involving local and international cooperation and socio- and technological development is essential for improving the circularity of EoL battery management in Mongolia.
Managing automotive end-of-life NiMH and Li-ion batteries in Mongolia: a Material Flow Analysis to assess challenges and opportunities for circular batteries in the Global South
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-02-12) Gantuya Ganbat; Daniel Karthe
Introduction: Mongolia’s transition to electric mobility presents environmental opportunities to mitigate air pollution and potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also generates complex waste streams such as end-of-life (EoL) Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) and Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB). This study investigates the status of Mongolia’s waste management system and how it can be optimized to enhance the circularity of such waste streams. Methods: Original data was collected through field research at collection, repair, storage, and disposal sites, and complemented by stakeholder interviews and an analysis of the country’s waste management legislation. Official vehicle fleet statistics (2010–2023) were used to forecast the quantity of EoL NiMH and LIB until 2050 and conduct a Material Flow Analysis for 10 different scenarios. The dataset comprises both qualitative data, describing the current waste management scenario, and quantitative data on vehicle imports, fleet composition, and battery specifications, with assumptions for missing values based on market trends. Results: Results reveal that Mongolia lacks infrastructure and policy for safe and sustainable EoL battery management. EoL battery outflows were estimated using a two-parameter Weibull distribution model; forecast reliability was assessed via out-of-sample backcasting of the vehicle-fleet projection against historical fleet statistics (2019–2023 hold-out: MAPE = 4.71%). The results of the EoL battery quantities are scenario- and parameter-dependent projections for the lifetime and battery-specification assumptions. The results show that cumulatively (from 2023 to 2050), in the Current Scenario, 10,302 tons of EoL NiMH and 38,650 tons of EoL LIB are expected to be generated. In contrast, for the Climate Focus Scenario, 10,455 tons of EoL NiMH and 102,586 tons of EoL LIB are expected. Discussion: The lower values of NiMH in 2050 are due to the expected transition from NiMH to LIB in HEV. Recommendations to enhance EoL battery management’s circularity include focusing on improving EoL battery collection, implementing Extended Producer Responsibility, integrating the existing informal sector, enhancing regional and international cooperation, and improving data acquisition and management. In summary, a combined approach involving local and international cooperation and socio- and technological development is essential for improving the circularity of EoL battery management in Mongolia. 1 Introduction
ON GAP FUNCTIONS FOR QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS VIA DUALITY
(Springer Nature, 2024-03-06) Lkhamsuren Altangerel
We extend gap functions to quasi-equilibrium problems by using the duality results. In particular, we obtain new results for quasi-equilibrium problems known earlier for equilibrium problems and mixed quasi-variational inequalities. Bibliography: 12 titles.
Spatiotemporal Variability of Near-Surface Temperature Inversion over Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia
(MDPI, 2026-08-14) Gantuya Ganbat
Near-surface temperature inversions are prevalent during the cold months in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia, and significantly degrade urban air quality by trapping hazardous pollutants within a shallow atmospheric boundary layer. This study investigates spatiotemporal variability, physical mechanisms, and long-term evolution of near-surface temperature inversions over Ulaanbaatar by integrating 25 years (2000–2024) of ground-based meteorological and radiosonde observations, with high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations for 2012–2023. Our results demonstrate the fourdimensional data assimilation (FDDA) grid nudging effectively captures localized topographic influences in the WRF simulations, showing a strong agreement with radiosonde observations (R2 = 0.783, p < 0.000). Near-surface temperature inversions are strongly controlled by the Siberian High, with the highest frequency occurring from December to February, when up to 67% of morning observations exhibit inversion conditions. A pronounced diurnal cycle was identified, with inversion intensity peaking at 5.6–6.8 ◦C during the early morning hours (02:00–08:00 LST) before reaching a minimum around 14:00 LST. Spatially, the strongest inversions occur along the low-lying Tuul River valley, where the planetary boundary layer is compressed to below 350 m and wind speeds decrease to less than 2.4 m·s−1, creating persistent atmospheric stagnation. Despite these favorable conditions for inversion formation, long-term observations indicate that regional warming (+2.0 ◦C) and the urban heat island effects have reduced inversion frequency by 31%, inversion thickness by 170 m, and inversion intensity by 0.9 ◦C over the past 25 years. These findings demonstrate the strong coupling between regional complex terrain, and boundary layer thermodynamics, highlighting the need to incorporate urban ventilation corridors and topography-informed planning into climate adaptation and winter air-quality management strategies.