Research Papers

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A Collaborative Approach for Triggering Environmental Awareness: The 3Rs for Sustainable Use of Natural Resources in Ulaanbaatar (3R4UB)
(2023) Gabriella Esposito De Vita; Cristina Visconti; Gantuya Ganbat; Marina Rigillo
Current environmental challenges invite us to deeply revise policies, governance models, and resource management toolkits towards a circular approach, in order to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requirements. In this framework, circular waste management is one of the pillars of responsible and foresighted planning for territorial sustainability. The “3Rs for a sustainable use of natural resources in Ulaanbaatar” (3R4UB) project aims at transferring a sustainable approach to urban solid waste management, especially focusing on providing effective opportunities for developing circular supply chains locally. In this framework, an integrated approach has been developed in order to adapt the communication/exploitation plan of sustainable waste management within a SWITCH-Asia Country (EU Program) by combining engagement tools and participatory processes for the collaborative design of a waste management masterplan. This paper explores the spatialization of resources/waste flows in the formal and informal settlements, while also considering cultural traditions, social structures, and community habits, in terms of a purposely designed combination of spatial planning, governance modeling, and capacity building activities. Starting from a preliminary communication plan, this paper sets the frame for discussing the role of community engagement tools and protocols in producing an effective and generalizable collaborative waste management masterplan.
Advanced metallurgical test work on zinc ore
(2024) Baasandorj Myagmarsuren; Dorjsundui Gombokhurts; Dashdondog Yamaaranz; Purev-Ochir Togtokhbaatar
In these leaching investigations, sulfuric acid was employed to study the leaching rate of zinc ore, and the results were used to construct the simulative model with inverse methodology. To construct the simulative model, the prior results are used to identify the parameters and variable inter-relation with a shrinking-core model and re-expanded into column model using an interpolation with regression models. The model was tested against a column leaching to calibrate and extended to predict under different parameters for further cases. The zinc ore primarily consists of calcite, quartz, and dolomite, as determined by MLA-SEM analysis conducted in Germany. Chemical analysis revealed that the ore contains approximately 1.31% zinc, a figure confirmed by MLA-SEM. The optimal sulfuric acid concentration was found to be around 50 g L-1 , achieving a zinc recovery rate of approximately 60% within 8 hours. The maximum zinc recovery reached 72.5% at a concentration of 80 g L-1 within 64 hours. A bottle roller test was conducted to generate fundamental data for subsequent column leaching experiments. The column leaching test was carried out over a 30-day period, resulting in a zinc recovery of 19.01%. Additionally, the mathematical model predicted a recovery of 17.85% within the same timeframe, with a strong correlation of approximately 95% between the simulated and experimental results.
Advanced methods in processing deep-sea manganese nodules
(2024) Purev-Ochir Togtokhbaatar; Thomas Lütke; Peter Fröhlich; Martin Bertau
Deep Sea Manganese nodules are investigated by chemical leaching and solid-state chlorination (SSC) to explore a cheaper processing method. Mn nodules contain various essential elements of cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), and Zinc (Zn). The pulverized Mn nodule dissolved in Oxaline (1 oxalic acid + 1 choline chloride) completely within 30 min, and in Ethaline (1 Ethylene glycol + 1 choline chloride) within 72 hours. Also, diluted acids (1M H2SO4 and 1M HCl) leaching with reducing agents (H2O2 or C2H2O4) showed efficient dissolution rates. Furthermore, SSC was effective method to process Mn nodules in a presence of NH4Cl then processed nodules leached in diluted acids. Mn dissolution rate can be ordered at 300 °C (~ 50 %), 600 °C (~ 90 %) without reducing agents. Also, these leaching experiments were carried out with reducing agents and those enhanced the Mn dissolution rate by significant amounts. Finally, leaching solutions processed by the electro winning Mn and Cu are successfully deposited on the electrodes.
Advancing the resource nexus concept for research and practice
(2024) Floor Brouwer; Serena Caucci; Daniel Karthe1; Sabrina Kirschke; Kaveh Madani; Andrea Mueller; Lulu Zhang; Edeltraud Guenther
The nexus concept has considerably matured during the past decade. Numerous literature reviews have significantly contributed to taking stock of the advancements in knowledge and tool development to improve science-policy support on highly connected and interdependent resources. However, literature reviews often focus on specific sector-based nexus concepts (such as water-energy-food nexus) and analyses (such as environmental assessment, technical tools, or the management and policy dimension). Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the actual nexus and the resources it builds upon still needs to be improved. This paper aims to test the validity of the nexus construct for research and practice. Based on a systematic review of reviews, including 62 nexus-related review papers and subsequent consultation of some sixty nexus experts, we suggest a robust but flexible approach to advancing the Resource Nexus for research and practice. In doing so, the knowledge provided by nexus research may provide more substantial support to decision-makers when designing and implementing policies for the sustainable management of environmental resources.
Analysis of harmonic behavior in power grids with induction melting furnaces
(2023) Ariunbolor Purvee; Ankhbayar Vandandorj
This research paper investigates the impact of an 800 kW induction furnace on power quality within a connected power grid. The performance and lifespan of induction furnaces can be negatively affected by harmonic voltages and currents. The degree of harmonic distortion in an induction furnace is influenced by the melting load, and excessive distortion can result in the generation of higher frequencies in the power distribution system. This phenomenon poses significant challenges to power systems, including power quality issues and equipment failures. Therefore, it is crucial to closely monitor and control the level of harmonic distortion to ensure optimal system performance and longevity. In this study, power quality and its parameters are assessed following the Mongolian MNS 1778:2007 standard, which outlines twelve parameters for evaluating single-phase or three-phase 50 Hz AC power systems. However, particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of total harmonic distribution (THD) as a key parameter impacting power quality. Our analysis demonstrates that substantial distortion in the furnace current waveform can lead to THD voltages in 6/10 kV transmission lines and substations, resulting in energy efficiency losses.
Correction: Sustainability for all? The challenges of predicting and managing the potential risks of end‑of‑life electric vehicles and their batteries in the Global South
(Springer Nature, 2023) Luisa Prates; Daniel Karthe; Lulu Zhang; Lili Wang; Jack O’Connor; Halim Lee; Christina Dornack
Unfortunately the abstract in the original publication is published with errors. This has been now corrected in the original publication.
Embedded Generative Air Pollution Model with Variational Autoencoder and Environmental Factor Effect in Ulaanbaatar City
(2022) Bulgansaikhan Baldorj; Munkherdene Tsagaan; Lodoysamba Sereeter; Amanjol Bulkhbai
Air pollution is one of the most pressing modern-day issues in cities around the world. However, most cities have adopted air quality measurement devices that only measure the past pollution levels without paying attention to the influencing factors. To obtain preliminary pollution information with regard to environmental factors, we developed a variational autoencoder and feedforward neural network-based embedded generative model to examine the relationship between air quality and the effects of environmental factors. In the model, actual SO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, and CO measurements from 2016 to 2020 were used, which were assembled from 15 differently located ground monitoring stations in Ulaanbaatar city. A wide range of weather and fuel measurements were used as the data for the influencing factors, and were collected over the same period as the air pollution data were recorded. The prediction results concerned all measurement stations, and the results were visualized as a spatial–temporal distribution of pollution and the performance of individual stations. A cross-validated R 2 was used to estimate the entire pollution distribution through the regions as SO2: 0.81, PM2.5: 0.76, PM10: 0.89, and CO: 0.83. Pearson’s chi-squared tests were used for assessing each measurement station, and the contingency tables represent a high correlation between the actual and model results. The model can be applied to perform specific analysis of the interdependencies between pollution and environmental factors, and the performance of the model improves with long-range data.
Evaluation of remote sensing and reanalysis based precipitation products for agro-hydrological studies in semi-arid tropics of Tamil Nadu
(2024) Aatralarasi Saravanan; Daniel Karthe; Selvaprakash Ramalingam; Niels Schütze
This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of eight high spatial resolution gridded precipitation products in semi-arid regions of Tamil Nadu, India, focusing specifically on Coimbatore, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, and Tuticorin, where both irrigated and rainfed agriculture is prevalent. The study regions lack sufficiently long-term and spatially representative observed precipitation data, essential for agro-hydrological studies and better understanding and managing the nexus between 15 food production and water and soil management. Hence, the present study evaluates the accuracy of five remote sensing-based precipitation products, viz. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks – Climate Data Records (PERSIANN CDR), CPC MORPHing technique (CMORPH), Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) and three reanalysis-based precipitation products viz. National Center for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis 2 (NCEP2), and 20 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Reanalysis version 5 Land (ERA5-Land), Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Application version 2 (MERRA 2) against the station data. Linearly interpolated precipitation products were statistically evaluated at two spatial (grid and district-wise) and three temporal (daily, monthly, and yearly) resolutions for 2003-2014. Based on overall statistical metrics, ERA5-Land was the best-performing precipitation product in Coimbatore, Madurai, and Tiruchirappalli, with MSWEP closely behind. In Tuticorin, however, MSWEP 25 outperformed the others. On the other hand, MERRA2 and NCEP2 performed the worst in all the study regions, as indicated by their higher Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and lower correlation values. Except in Coimbatore, most precipitation products underestimated the monthly monsoon precipitation, which highlights the need for a better algorithm for capturing the convective precipitation events. Also, the Percent Mean Absolute Error (%MAE) was higher in non-monsoon months, indicating that these product-based agro-hydrological modeling, like irrigation scheduling for water-scarce periods, may be 30 less reliable. The ability of precipitation products to capture the extreme precipitation intensity differed from the overall statistical metrics, where MSWEP performed the best in Coimbatore and Madurai, PERSIANN CDR in Tiruchirappalli, and ERA5-Land in Tuticorin. This study offers crucial guidance for managing water resources in agricultural areas, especially in precipitation data-scarce regions, by helping to select suitable precipitation products and bias correction methods for agrohydrological research.
Exploring The Mastery Of English Articles Among Mongolian EFL Students
(2024) Nomindari Byambasaikhan; Enkhbaatar Tsedenbazar; Mungunchimeg Amar
Mastering the English article system is particularly challenging for students whose native languages do not include articles. This study examines the progression of article acquisition among Mongolian university students, highlighting their developing understanding of the English article system during interlanguage development. Twenty-five participants with different levels of English proficiency participated in an extensive evaluation, consisting of a fill-in-the-article cloze test and structured interviews. Through a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses, the study explores participants' comprehension of essential factors such as hearer's knowledge, specific reference, uniqueness, and countability, which affect article errors across various proficiency levels. The results provide valuable insights into the step-by-step acquisition of the English article system and deepen the understanding of interlanguage phenomena. This research adds to the broader discussion on second language acquisition and informs teaching strategies aimed at enhancing learners' proficiency with English articles of Form
Fatigue Strength Estimation Based on the Maximum Likelihood Method
(2023) Sungchil Lee; Odbileg Norovrinchen; Chinguunbileg Sumiyadorj
Fatigue strength is one of the core principles for designing mechanical components. It has been a constant concern for engineers, as mechanical failure occurs due to loading exceeding the fatigue strength. This concern has led to a necessity to develop new approaches to estimate the reliability of mechanical components. The conventional method that is used to test fatigue strength is the staircase method. However, the staircase method’s ability to calculate fatigue strength is potentially unreliable. The bias and scatter associated with fatigue testing shows the limitations of fatigue strength estimation when the staircase approach is used. The conventional methods of fatigue limit determination also have key flaws, in that they are subjective, time consuming, and costly. This research aims to develop a method that would reliably estimate the fatigue strength of materials, whilst using a lower amount of test results. The present study is intended to formulate and analyze a proposed method of estimating fatigue strength by utilizing a smaller number of tests. The aforementioned method that this paper aims to formulate, mainly focuses on a probabilistic estimation based on the Maximum Likelihood Procedure. The proposed method is applied to existing fatigue test data and its effectiveness is compared with other methods.
Fatigue Strength Estimation Based on the Maximum Likelihood Method
(2023) Sungchil Lee; Odbileg Norovrinchen; Chinguunbileg Sumiyadorj
Fatigue strength is one of the core principles for designing mechanical components. It has been a constant concern for engineers, as mechanical failure occurs due to loading exceeding the fatigue strength. This concern has led to a necessity to develop new approaches to estimate the reliability of mechanical components. The conventional method that is used to test fatigue strength is the staircase method. However, the staircase method’s ability to calculate fatigue strength is potentially unreliable. The bias and scatter associated with fatigue testing shows the limitations of fatigue strength estimation when the staircase approach is used. The conventional methods of fatigue limit determination also have key flaws, in that they are subjective, time consuming, and costly. This research aims to develop a method that would reliably estimate the fatigue strength of materials, whilst using a lower amount of test results. The present study is intended to formulate and analyze a proposed method of estimating fatigue strength by utilizing a smaller number of tests. The aforementioned method that this paper aims to formulate, mainly focuses on a probabilistic estimation based on the Maximum Likelihood Procedure. The proposed method is applied to existing fatigue test data and its effectiveness is compared with other methods.
Forest Management In Mongolia – A Review Of Challenges And Lessons Learned With Special Reference To Degradation And Deforestation
(2019) Alexander Gradel; Gerelbaatar Sukhbaatar; Daniel Karthe; Hoduck Kang
The natural conditions, climate change and socio-economic challenges related to the transformation from a socialistic society towards a market-driven system make the implementation of sustainable land management practices in Mongolia especially complicated. Forests play an important role in land management. In addition to providing resources and ecosystem functions, Mongolian forests protect against land degradation. We conducted a literature review of the status of forest management in Mongolia and lessons learned, with special consideration to halting deforestation and degradation. We grouped our review into seven challenges relevant to developing regionally adapted forest management systems that both safeguard forest health and consider socio-economic needs. In our review, we found that current forest management in Mongolia is not always sustainable, and that some practices lack scientific grounding. An overwhelming number of sources noticed a decrease in forest area and quality during the last decades, although afforestation initiatives are reported to have increased. We found that they have had, with few exceptions, only limited success. During our review, however, we found a number of case studies that presented or proposed promising approaches to (re-)establishing and managing forests. These studies are further supported by a body of literature that examines how forest administration, and local participation can be modified to better support sustainable forestry. Based on our review, we conclude that it is necessary to integrate capacity development and forest research into holistic initiatives. A special focus should be given to the linkages between vegetation cover and the hydrological regime.
FTIR Study of Enriched Bituminous Ukhaa-Khudag Coal
(2023) Munkhtsetseg Sambuu; Nyamdulam Renten; Begzsuren Tumendemberel; Rene Tschaggelar; Anna Oleshkevich; Otgonchimeg Tuvdendorj; Munkhjargal Sharav; Shilagardi Goolimensee
In the present work we pay an attention to the molecular structural changes between raw coal and its enriched, dense productions. Bituminous Ukhaa-Khudag coal in the form of an enriched, dense coal product is currently used as an energy source by Mongolian consumers for everyday need. There are three types of samples from one source: it is a raw coal (sample 1) and two of industrial prod- ucts as an enriched, dopant (organic based) added coal (sample 2) and simply enriched coal (sample 3). The raw coal general characterization is given through the elemental analysis, thermogravimetry analysis, moreover functional groups were identified by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy. The differences in the FTIR spectra of the samples were done.Some details are as follows: hydroxyl group vibrations are existing, rather weak in agreement of TG result; vibrations of aliphatic group were rarely in the long wave near region, carbonate minerals in the region of 1300-900 cm−1 are visible but overlapped, and an isolated out-of-plane deformational vibration (around 800 cm−1) or two-adjacent (800-750 cm−1) or three-adjacent (around 700 cm−1) of sp2-hybrid bonded aromatic CHx-groups were still presenting.After the processing hydroxyl group bands were affected in enriched coals, sample 2 and 3. In the spectrum of the sample 2 the long wave bands were intensively blurred.Industry processing retains an amount of water in the productions. Water excess influenced absorbance bands were able to be removed via the drying processing, however, the affection to the spectral struc- ture in sample 2 was unrecoverable.
Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds for Children in Indoor Air, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
(2023) Oyun-Erdene Otgonbyamba; Gantuya Ganbat; Ser-Od Khuyag; Enkhjargal Altangerel; Bilguun Ganbold; Altangadas Bayanjargal; Altangerel Bat-Erdene; Bataa Chuluunbaatar; Burmaajav Badrakh; Suvd Batbaatar
This study presents levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured indoors for the first time in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and quantifies the health risk for children emphasizing the urgent need to improve control for indoor VOCs sources. The 583 samples collected at 144 sites, including new buildings, old apartments, schools, workplaces, kindergartens, baishin, and Mongolian traditional gers, hospitals, schools, and shopping centers are analyzed. Formaldehyde was detected in 95.7% of the samples, while benzene was in 24.2%. The levels of benzene, toluene, and xylene in new and old buildings and apartments exceed the recommended values of AGÖF for volatile organic compounds in indoor air. The probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation method was used to estimate the risk exposure of four types of VOCs (benzene, formaldehyde, toluene, and m,p-xylene) to the health of the study population. The risk of cancer for benzene and formaldehyde is high in the age group of 7 months–4 years, m,p-xylene, and toluene show non-cancer risk in this age group.
Human impact and environmental conditions lead to a mass mortality event of David’s Myotis (Myotis davidii) in Mongolia
(2024) Munkhnast Dalannast; Joseph R. Hoyt; Delgermurun Byambajav; Uurdmunkh Munkhtaivan; Namsrai Narantsetseg; Bold-Erdene Batbold; Ariunbold Jargalsaikhan
Anthropogenic factors are an important driving force impacting bat populations across the globe. These include habitat loss and alteration, infectious diseases, climate change, and human persecution. Multiple factors typically impact populations simultaneously, which can have severe consequence for biodiversity. Mongolia has a large number of cave systems with over 500 documented in the country, of which only ~300 have been explored (Avirmed, 2020).
Influence of As, Sb, Bi and O on Copper Anode Behaviour – Part 2: Anode Dissolution Behaviour and Anode Sludge Generation
(Researchgate, 2009) Claudia A. Möller; Myagmarsuren Bayanmunkh; Bernd Friedrich
This article is the second of a three articles series of results from a three year research project funded by the “Sponsor Group Copper Electrorefining”. Investigated were dissolution/passivation behaviour, anodic current efficiencies, anode sludge formation and distribution coefficients of impure anodes with varying Sb, As, Bi and O contents processed at three current densities. Main focus of this article is the influence of As, Sb, Bi, O and the current density on the dissolved anode mass respectively the anode current efficiency and the generated amount of anode sludge. For a better assessment of the experimental results literature about the mineralogical structure of anodes depending on their chemical composition was reviewed and the significant aspects related to the tested anodes were summarized. The anode current efficiencies varied between 100.4 % and 103.7 % dependent on the anode composition. The factor with the highest impact is oxygen, which influence is approximately four times higher than the influence of As respectively As⋅O. Investigating the factors influencing the amount of anode sludge revealed that it is influenced by a lot of factors, but mainly by As and partly by O and the current density. Several prediction charts were designed forecasting the dissolution of anodes and the amount of node sludge produced within the parameter set.
Investigation of rare earth elements from coal and coal byproducts
(2023) Bayardulam Jamiyansuren; Azjargal Burneebaatar; Battsengel Baatar; Bold Khosbayar
Rare earth elements (REE) are considered critical raw materials essential for numerous clean technologies. As the discrepancy, their supply and demand increase globally. It is conceivable to recover REEs from secondary sources in order to close the gap. The coal, fly ash, and bottom ashes are collected from Baganuur Mining, Thermal Power Plant IV, and Baganuur Thermal Plant, respectively. The TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were used to characterize the mineralogy of coal, fly ash, and bottom ashes and further investigation of REE associations and its mineral. It was demonstrated that rare earth minerals still exist in coal fly ash and are associated with metal oxides. The quantity of REEs in the coal sample was determined by using the inductively coupled plasm-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique. The quantitative analysis result shows that the total REEs content in the coal ash was 414 parts per million (ppm). It was revealed that REEs are concentrated in fine non-magnetic particle size, and the froth flotation process is most effective at a pH=10. Using the physical separation method, the REEs in the coal fly ash was slightly enriched from 414 to 456.44 ppm. Thus, hydrometallurgical leaching is advised to evaluate the possibility of REEs recovery from secondary sources.
Manganese Pollution in Mining-Influenced Rivers and Lakes: Current State and Forecast under Climate Change in the Russian Arctic
(2022) Vera A. Matveeva; Alexey V. Alekseenko; Daniel Karthe; Alexander V. Puzanov
Mining regions in different parts of the world have been associated with the significant pollution of water, sediments, and soils by manganese and other chemical elements. This study assessed the degree of geochemical transformation caused by open-pit extraction and processing of mineral resources in the Kovdorsky District of Murmansk Oblast, 20 km from the Russia–Finland border. A second objective was to predict further changes co-driven by industrial pressure and high climatic instability in the polar region. The field study involved sampling water and sediments from virgin background streams and from the tailings storage facility, settling ponds, rivers, and lakes affected by ore mining and disintegration. Laboratory analyses included the study of elemental composition, redox potential, alkalinity and acidity, organic matter content, and other geochemical characteristics for a better understanding of pollutant migration patterns. We revealed elevated levels of potentially toxic elements in surface waters and bottom sediments which pose a risk to the human health via the household and drinking water supply. Pollution with manganese (Mn) was found to be the major environmental issue. Its natural presence in the river water was overridden a hundredfold by anthropogenic enrichment. This is problematic as Mn is easily bioaccumulated, which can lead to unwanted ecotoxicological effects, and—in the case of prolonged exposure to high doses of Mn and its compounds—to detrimental human health impacts. We believe that the changing climate may raise the water flow and thus expand the area of the hydrochemical anomaly. On the other hand, the activation of self-purification and dilution processes could lead to decreasing environmental Mn concentrations.
Measurement and 3-dimensional Simulations of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Distribution in Mongolian Ger
(2023) Byambakhorol Battsetseg; Gantuya Ganbat; Battulga Nasanjargal
Ulaanbaatar is one of the most polluted cities in the world, especially in wintertime. During the past two decades, several national and internationally funded projects have been put in place to reduce air pollution. One of the implemented projects is the Government of Mongolia has decided to substitute household raw coal consumption with upgraded briquette fuels in Ulaanbaatar since 2019 in order to combat air pollution. Concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in wintertime from November 2019 to February 2020 were reduced by around 40% compared previous five years, respectively. Unfortunately, there are some negative impacts, for example, an increased number of incidences of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning along with the coal substitution. Indoor CO poisoning causes risks to people living in Mongolian gers and houses. In this study, we performed a numerical simulation of CO distribution by using the COMSOL Multiphysics. The study enables us to understand the CO distribution in Mongolian ger. The numerical simulations show, that when ger is assumed empty, the CO concentration is the largest around the stove, then becomes less from stove to crown, and is minimum near the lattice wall. In addition, CO concentration in gers and houses were recorded during the heating period. The results of this study offer important information that can be used to develop recommendations for enhancing indoor air quality in gers. By understanding the dynamics of CO distribution within traditional dwellings, strategies can be advised to improve ventilation, stove, and CO detector placements, reduce the risk of CO poisoning, and promote healthier living conditions for residents.
Measurement and 3-dimensional Simulations of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Distribution in Mongolian Ger
(2023) Byambakhorol Battsetseg; Gantuya Ganbat; Battulga Nasanjargal
Ulaanbaatar is one of the most polluted cities in the world, especially in wintertime. During the past two decades, several national and internationally funded projects have been put in place to reduce air pollution. One of the implemented projects is the Government of Mongolia has decided to substitute household raw coal consumption with upgraded briquette fuels in Ulaanbaatar since 2019 in order to combat air pollution. Concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in wintertime from November 2019 to February 2020 were reduced by around 40% compared previous five years, respectively. Unfortunately, there are some negative impacts, for example, an increased number of incidences of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning along with the coal substitution. Indoor CO poisoning causes risks to people living in Mongolian gers and houses. In this study, we performed a numerical simulation of CO distribution by using the COMSOL Multiphysics. The study enables us to understand the CO distribution in Mongolian ger. The numerical simulations show, that when ger is assumed empty, the CO concentration is the largest around the stove, then becomes less from stove to crown, and is minimum near the lattice wall. In addition, CO concentration in gers and houses were recorded during the heating period. The results of this study offer important information that can be used to develop recommendations for enhancing indoor air quality in gers. By understanding the dynamics of CO distribution within traditional dwellings, strategies can be advised to improve ventilation, stove, and CO detector placements, reduce the risk of CO poisoning, and promote healthier living conditions for residents.

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