Browsing by Author "Gantuya Ganbat"
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Item A Collaborative Approach for Triggering Environmental Awareness: The 3Rs for Sustainable Use of Natural Resources in Ulaanbaatar (3R4UB)(2023) Gabriella Esposito De Vita; Cristina Visconti; Gantuya Ganbat; Marina RigilloCurrent environmental challenges invite us to deeply revise policies, governance models, and resource management toolkits towards a circular approach, in order to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requirements. In this framework, circular waste management is one of the pillars of responsible and foresighted planning for territorial sustainability. The “3Rs for a sustainable use of natural resources in Ulaanbaatar” (3R4UB) project aims at transferring a sustainable approach to urban solid waste management, especially focusing on providing effective opportunities for developing circular supply chains locally. In this framework, an integrated approach has been developed in order to adapt the communication/exploitation plan of sustainable waste management within a SWITCH-Asia Country (EU Program) by combining engagement tools and participatory processes for the collaborative design of a waste management masterplan. This paper explores the spatialization of resources/waste flows in the formal and informal settlements, while also considering cultural traditions, social structures, and community habits, in terms of a purposely designed combination of spatial planning, governance modeling, and capacity building activities. Starting from a preliminary communication plan, this paper sets the frame for discussing the role of community engagement tools and protocols in producing an effective and generalizable collaborative waste management masterplan.Item A gis-based methodology for green roof design in a densely built-up area in ulaanbaatar, mongolia(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2022-05-16) Nandin-Erdene Saranbaatar; Uuganbaatar Zulkhuu; Gantuya GanbatUlaanbaatar has the highest population density in Mongolia. Consequently, for the past few decades, the massive movement of people to the city led to unplanned urbanization.Item Assessment of air quality improvements in ulaanbaatar's ger areas after the introduction of improved briquette coal(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2021-05-28) Luvsanravjaa Buujav; Gantuya Ganbat; Khulan TsermaaThe Mongolian capital of Ulaanbaatar has been listed most polluted city in the world by the World Health Organization (WHO). The main reason is that during the winter months, most of it is caused by small coal and wood-fired stoves used for heating and cooking in Ger (Traditional yurts) districts. By considering these issues Mongolian Government took a series of actions to reduce air pollution, and one of them was the implementation of improved briquette coal beginning on May 15, 2019.Item Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils near tanneries in Ulaanbaatar, mongolia, and options for remediation(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2024-05-10) Mandukhai Manaljav; Oyunbat Purevsuren; Martin Knippertz; Gantuya GanbatHeavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, longevity in the atmosphere, and ability to accumulate. Though heavy metals naturally occur in the environment and are vital in biochemical and physiological functions for living organisms, high concentrations cause environmental pollution and have negative effects on the environment and human health. The introduction of contaminants in the soil may result in damage to or loss of some or several functions of soils and possible cross contamination of water. The contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with toxic heavy metals is a major environmental concern that has direct and indirect consequences for public health.Item Assessment of wind energy resources of Mongolia(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2022-05-16) Naranzul Bayasgalan; Gantuya Ganbat; Odontungalag DorjsurenThis study assessed the wind energy potential in Mongolia by analyzing wind speed data collected from 69 stations across the country. The data was categorized by region and analyzed using the Weibull distribution to determine the monthly mean wind speed and wind power density. Additionally, the study evaluated the potential reductions in the usage of CO2, water, and coal that could be achieved through the selection of wind turbines. To visualize the results, maps of wind power density and mean wind speed were created using a GIS program. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the potential of wind energy as a sustainable and environmentally-friendly energy source in Mongolia. Wind speed data were collected from 69 Wind Measurement Towers (WMTs) over the course of one year. The WMTs recorded wind speed measurements every three hours throughout the day at a height of 10 meters. The Gobi areas and east Mongolia have potential wind speed to build wind farms compared to Khangai and West Mongolia.Item Chemical analysis and source apportionment of air pollutants in a remote area of ulaanbaatar, mongolia(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2024-05-27) Sunderiya Ganzorig; Lodoysamba Sereeter; Gantuya Ganbat; SuriyaAir pollution in Mongolia, particularly in Ulaanbaatar and remote areas, has been an urgent concern due to elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) and other pollutants. This thesis investigates the chemical composition and source apportionment of air pollutants in Nalaikh. Air sampling was conducted using high-volume air samplers and filters analyzed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC). The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model identified three major sources: crustal matter, coal combustion, and an industrial source (factor 1). Crustal matter, comprising elements like Ca and Al, accounted for 49.9% of the total pollution due to frequent dust storms and resuspension of soil dust. Coal combustion contributed 36.6%, marked by high levels of sulfur (S) and lead (Pb) due to extensive coal usage for heating. The industrial source, which made up 13.5% of the pollution, was identified based on elevated levels of Cr, Ni, and Cu, although no significant industrial activity exists in Nalaikh. There is a lack of comprehensive research on air pollution in Ulaanbaatar's remote areas like Nalaikh. This study will help address critical gaps in understanding pollution sources and composition in the region, emphasizing the necessity of emission control policies to protect both human and environmental health.Item Comparing the Stability Analysis of Different Shaped and Sized Pillars Using Numerical Modeling(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2024-05-10) Burenbileg Munkhtogoo; Thomas Hollenberg; Gantuya Ganbat; Lothar te KampThis bachelor thesis examines the influence of pillar geometry on the stability of underground mining structures, employing FLAC3D numerical simulations to evaluate the performance of square, octagonal, and circular pillars. The study focuses on how different pillar shapes distribute stress and maintain stability under geological faults, using the Factor of Safety (FoS) as a key metric for evaluation. This inquiry is inspired by insights from Maritz and Malan (2023), which suggested that circular pillars might offer superior stability due to the radius of curvature effect. Contrary to the findings by Maritz and Malan (2023), this study found that square and octagonal pillars exhibited higher stability as reflected by their FoS calculations. Square pillars, with their larger cross-sectional areas, were particularly effective in managing stress, suggesting potential trade-off between maximizing stability and mineral recovery. Although these findings do not revolutionize existing mining practices, they do provide a useful examination of how pillar geometry can influence underground mining safety. The thesis also briefly touches on the economic considerations of using different pillar shapes, underscoring the balance between ensuring structural stability and maximizing resource recovery. This work contributes to the educational goals of a bachelor's program by applying engineering principles to a practical problem in mining, offering a foundational analysis that could inform exploratory studies in the field.Item Experimental analysis on backfilling rehabilitation with Coal Combustion By Products (CCBs) for abandoned Small Scale Coal Mines(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2022-05-26) Baigali Lkhagvajav; Gantuya Ganbat; Peter VossenThis thesis focused on experimental analysis of the rehabilitated area in the abandoned small-scale coal mine in the Nalaikh mining area. The soil analysis is conducted at several spots in the rehabilitated shafts since the impacts of the rehabilitation by backfilling method could be more detectable in soil than in the water and air environment. Additionally, backfilling method of coal fly ash and mining reclamation were researched and mentioned, including a review of Mongolian examples of the backfilling method and the BASMIC project.Item Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds for Children in Indoor Air, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia(2023) Oyun-Erdene Otgonbyamba; Gantuya Ganbat; Ser-Od Khuyag; Enkhjargal Altangerel; Bilguun Ganbold; Altangadas Bayanjargal; Altangerel Bat-Erdene; Bataa Chuluunbaatar; Burmaajav Badrakh; Suvd BatbaatarThis study presents levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured indoors for the first time in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and quantifies the health risk for children emphasizing the urgent need to improve control for indoor VOCs sources. The 583 samples collected at 144 sites, including new buildings, old apartments, schools, workplaces, kindergartens, baishin, and Mongolian traditional gers, hospitals, schools, and shopping centers are analyzed. Formaldehyde was detected in 95.7% of the samples, while benzene was in 24.2%. The levels of benzene, toluene, and xylene in new and old buildings and apartments exceed the recommended values of AGÖF for volatile organic compounds in indoor air. The probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation method was used to estimate the risk exposure of four types of VOCs (benzene, formaldehyde, toluene, and m,p-xylene) to the health of the study population. The risk of cancer for benzene and formaldehyde is high in the age group of 7 months–4 years, m,p-xylene, and toluene show non-cancer risk in this age group.Item Identification of Potential Location of Pond Sites for Irrigating Agriculture and Forestry Land Based on Watershed Analysis Using GIS(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2023-05-01) Enkhjargal Sodnomdarjaa; Enkhjargal Sodnomdarjaa; Gantuya GanbatThe identification of potential locations for pond sites plays a crucial role in sustainable water resource management for irrigated agriculture and forestry land. This study focuses on utilizing watershed analysis techniques in combination with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to identify suitable locations for constructing ponds. The objectives of the study are to assess water availability, identify suitable sites, and recommend areas for afforestation that uses near water sources. In this study, Watershed and Stream Network Analysis were done in the Kherlen Soum area in Khentii Province. Also using the ArcGIS program some additional analyses such as hillshade, slope, and basin delineation. Using the stream network analysis with the cadastral map of Kherlen soum and setting 3 criteria we determined the potential pond locations. After determining the potential pond sites we recommended 4 types of areas for the afforestation of the national movement of “Billion Tree” in Kherlen Soum. Recommended 4 types of areas are Unirrigated Self-Growing Tree Areas, Irrigated Growing Tree Areas, Forestation areas of Old Farmlands, and Kherlen River Irrigated areas. Using the Mongolian National Standard for Environment and Re-vegetation of destroyed land we estimated the standard for planting in one hectare as 722 units of trees and bushes. It will be a reserve forestation area for approximately 80 million units of trees and bushes by our rough calculation.Item Long-term trends of greenhouse gases in an arid and semi-arid area of Mongolia and its relationship with temperature(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2022-05-15) Buyanbilig Namnansuren; Gantuya Ganbat; Oyunchimeg DugerjavOver the past few decades, the Earth's climate has been dramatically changing due to anthropogenically-induced greenhouse gases. CO2, CH4, N2O, and SF6 concentrations have been continuously increasing. In this study, 29-year measurement data was used to conduct basic research covering several aspects including general characteristics of greenhouse gases, their climate radiative forcing, and relevance to temperature. A particular investigation was done on a variety of analyzes such as time series, seasonal changes, future forecasts, and temperature correlation. Using the statistical model, By 2033, the concentrations of greenhouse gases in Mongolia are predicted to increase by 3-12.1% compared to the current level. In Mongolia, 73.4% of the climate radiative forcing is CO2, 19.6% is CH4, 6.64% is N2O, and 0.35% is SF6. Furthermore, the relationship between greenhouse gas and temperature showed that CO2 and CH4 have the highest correlation (0.42 and 0.41) during the study period.Item Measurement and 3-dimensional Simulations of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Distribution in Mongolian Ger(2023) Byambakhorol Battsetseg; Gantuya Ganbat; Battulga NasanjargalUlaanbaatar is one of the most polluted cities in the world, especially in wintertime. During the past two decades, several national and internationally funded projects have been put in place to reduce air pollution. One of the implemented projects is the Government of Mongolia has decided to substitute household raw coal consumption with upgraded briquette fuels in Ulaanbaatar since 2019 in order to combat air pollution. Concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in wintertime from November 2019 to February 2020 were reduced by around 40% compared previous five years, respectively. Unfortunately, there are some negative impacts, for example, an increased number of incidences of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning along with the coal substitution. Indoor CO poisoning causes risks to people living in Mongolian gers and houses. In this study, we performed a numerical simulation of CO distribution by using the COMSOL Multiphysics. The study enables us to understand the CO distribution in Mongolian ger. The numerical simulations show, that when ger is assumed empty, the CO concentration is the largest around the stove, then becomes less from stove to crown, and is minimum near the lattice wall. In addition, CO concentration in gers and houses were recorded during the heating period. The results of this study offer important information that can be used to develop recommendations for enhancing indoor air quality in gers. By understanding the dynamics of CO distribution within traditional dwellings, strategies can be advised to improve ventilation, stove, and CO detector placements, reduce the risk of CO poisoning, and promote healthier living conditions for residents.Item Measurement and 3-dimensional Simulations of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Distribution in Mongolian Ger(2023) Byambakhorol Battsetseg; Gantuya Ganbat; Battulga NasanjargalUlaanbaatar is one of the most polluted cities in the world, especially in wintertime. During the past two decades, several national and internationally funded projects have been put in place to reduce air pollution. One of the implemented projects is the Government of Mongolia has decided to substitute household raw coal consumption with upgraded briquette fuels in Ulaanbaatar since 2019 in order to combat air pollution. Concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in wintertime from November 2019 to February 2020 were reduced by around 40% compared previous five years, respectively. Unfortunately, there are some negative impacts, for example, an increased number of incidences of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning along with the coal substitution. Indoor CO poisoning causes risks to people living in Mongolian gers and houses. In this study, we performed a numerical simulation of CO distribution by using the COMSOL Multiphysics. The study enables us to understand the CO distribution in Mongolian ger. The numerical simulations show, that when ger is assumed empty, the CO concentration is the largest around the stove, then becomes less from stove to crown, and is minimum near the lattice wall. In addition, CO concentration in gers and houses were recorded during the heating period. The results of this study offer important information that can be used to develop recommendations for enhancing indoor air quality in gers. By understanding the dynamics of CO distribution within traditional dwellings, strategies can be advised to improve ventilation, stove, and CO detector placements, reduce the risk of CO poisoning, and promote healthier living conditions for residents.Item Measurement and 3-dimensional Simulations of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Distribution in Mongolian Ger(2023) Byambakhorol Battsetseg; Gantuya Ganbat; Battulga NasanjargalUlaanbaatar is one of the most polluted cities in the world, especially in wintertime. During the past two decades, several national and internationally funded projects have been put in place to reduce air pollution. One of the implemented projects is the Government of Mongolia has decided to substitute household raw coal consumption with upgraded briquette fuels in Ulaanbaatar since 2019 in order to combat air pollution. Concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in wintertime from November 2019 to February 2020 were reduced by around 40% compared previous five years, respectively. Unfortunately, there are some negative impacts, for example, an increased number of incidences of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning along with the coal substitution. Indoor CO poisoning causes risks to people living in Mongolian gers and houses. In this study, we performed a numerical simulation of CO distribution by using the COMSOL Multiphysics. The study enables us to understand the CO distribution in Mongolian ger. The numerical simulations show, that when ger is assumed empty, the CO concentration is the largest around the stove, then becomes less from stove to crown, and is minimum near the lattice wall. In addition, CO concentration in gers and houses were recorded during the heating period. The results of this study offer important information that can be used to develop recommendations for enhancing indoor air quality in gers. By understanding the dynamics of CO distribution within traditional dwellings, strategies can be advised to improve ventilation, stove, and CO detector placements, reduce the risk of CO poisoning, and promote healthier living conditions for residents.Item Natural rehabilitation potential in two distinct mining areas in Mongolia(2023) Oyun-erdene Tsogtsaikhan; Gantuya Ganbat; Martin KnippertzSoil erosion in Mongolia has intensified, and the general level of soil fertility has decreased. The effects of global warming, and human activities such as grazing pastureland, mining operation, intensification of agriculture, urbanization, and road damage are the main causes of soil cover degradation. Due to the ecosystem characteristics of the geographical landlocked location within continental harsh, arid climatic conditions, there is clearly a different identification requirement in rehabilitation potential of mining areas. So, it is necessary to dig in to differentiate the possible rehabilitation characteristics on the most suitable ecosystems. And discrimination of the potentiality by the ecosystem and location makes how to achieve optimized mining rehabilitation results. In this work, the focus is to concentrate on the natural healing process and weigh into potentiality using pyramid concept [1]. Study area and soil characteristics are considered on 2 distinct mining areas located in 2 different ecozones of Mongolian, one is in sub northern area, Ecozone III, which covers both sandy Katsanoses soil and gravelly sandy kastanozem soil. The other comparison study area is Ecozone VI, which within the desert zone the soil specially forms in gravelly and sandy features, and the vegetation becomes scarce with its both species and biomass due to its hot, dry characteristics. Kastanozem soil has more fertile components and thicker humus layer than the desert gravelly and sandy features. Natural features consist of climatological features (precipitation, temperature, wind), soil types and vegetation index data were collected and analyzed using ArcGIS software. These mining areas followed up with verification areas weighted in Khuvsgul and Southgobi areas appointed 180 and 120 points respectively. However, the potential scores on rehabilitation expenses explain active regions that the chance of adjustable value on those planned rehabilitation budget, where sustaining the soil rehabilitation stick into long term natural healing process. These concludes that the pyramid concept should be applied to the other areas of Mongolian mining sites to enable natural rehabilitation potentiality into long term, sustainable mining rehabilitation plan.Item Natural rehabilitation potential in two distinct mining areas in Mongolia(2023) Oyun-Erdene Tsogtsaikhan; Gantuya Ganbat; Martin KnippertzSoil erosion in Mongolia has intensified, and the general level of soil fertility has decreased. The effects of global warming, and human activities such as grazing pastureland, mining operation, intensification of agriculture, urbanization, and road damage are the main causes of soil cover degradation. Due to the ecosystem characteristics of the geographical landlocked location within continental harsh, arid climatic conditions, there is clearly a different identification requirement in rehabilitation potential of mining areas. So, it is necessary to dig in to differentiate the possible rehabilitation characteristics on the most suitable ecosystems. And discrimination of the potentiality by the ecosystem and location makes how to achieve optimized mining rehabilitation results. In this work, the focus is to concentrate on the natural healing process and weigh into potentiality using pyramid concept [1]. Study area and soil characteristics are considered on 2 distinct mining areas located in 2 different ecozones of Mongolian, one is in sub northern area, Ecozone III, which covers both sandy Katsanoses soil and gravelly sandy kastanozem soil. The other comparison study area is Ecozone VI, which within the desert zone the soil specially forms in gravelly and sandy features, and the vegetation becomes scarce with its both species and biomass due to its hot, dry characteristics. Kastanozem soil has more fertile components and thicker humus layer than the desert gravelly and sandy features. Natural features consist of climatological features (precipitation, temperature, wind), soil types and vegetation index data were collected and analyzed using ArcGIS software. These mining areas followed up with verification areas weighted in Khuvsgul and Southgobi areas appointed 180 and 120 points respectively. However, the potential scores on rehabilitation expenses explain active regions that the chance of adjustable value on those planned rehabilitation budget, where sustaining the soil rehabilitation stick into long term natural healing process. These concludes that the pyramid concept should be applied to the other areas of Mongolian mining sites to enable natural rehabilitation potentiality into long term, sustainable mining rehabilitation plan.Item Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Resources and Technology (RESAT 2023)(Atlantis Press, 2023-06-20) Altangerel Lkhamsuren; Battsengel Baatar; Gantuya GanbatThe International Conference on Resources and Technology (RESAT) is a bi-annual conference organized by the German-Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology (GMIT). The goal of the conference is to bring together academics and engineers from a variety of related disciplines, entrepreneurs, and government officials to present and exchange knowledge, experience, results, and information on the following topics: • Sustainable use of natural resources. • Environmental and economic challenges in raw material extraction and processing. • Resource-oriented engineering development. • Energy efficiency and renewable energiesItem Redevelopment of ulaanbaatar ger area(German Mongolian Institute for Resouce and Technology, 2022-10-31) Nomin Ganbaatar; Daniel Karthe; Gantuya GanbatUlaanbaatar's ger areas are undergoing replanning and redevelopment, but due to compliance with procedures, laws and regulations, lack of funding, and the availability of engineering infrastructure and its capacity, the scope of ger areas has been expanding, air and environmental pollution has increased, and the rights of citizens protected by law to live healthy and in a safe environment continue to be seriously violated, and has reached this point while mitigating solutions are being sought outItem Resource conundrum in Mongolia: Soil contamination from coal and copper–molybdenum mining(2024) Enkhjargal Sodnomdarjaa; Martin Knippertz; Daniel Karthe; Alexey V. Alekseenko; Gantuya Ganbat; Wolfgang Römer; Frank LehmkuhlSoil contamination and the resulting ecological disturbances are a common phenomenon in mining areas, including the vicinities of the largest and oldest open-pit mining areas in Mongolia. In this work, the potential ecological risk index (RI), Nemerow integrated pollution index (PIN), and Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) were used to estimate the level of soil contamination with Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, and Pb in the top layer of the soils around Baganuur coal mine and Erdenet copper–molybdenum mine. Three different analytical methods were used: portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) for the first assessment of samples, and stationary X-ray fluorescence and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy for the confirmation of results in the laboratory. Even though general contamination levels in both study areas were relatively low, some potentially toxic elements were found at contents several times higher than the maximum permissible level (MPL) according to the national standard of Mongolia. In the Baganuur area, Zn was up to 2.8 and As was up to 3.00 times higher, while in the Erdenet area, As was up to 2.4, Cr was up to 1.7, Cu was up to 8.1, and Zn was up to 1.2 times higher than MPL of the national standard in the vicinity to the mining and industrial area. The estimation of the pXRF measurement had generally similar results to the other two laboratory methods based on spatial distributions of heavy metal content. Among the different geochemical indices, the PIN showed a more accurately distinguished spatial distribution of contamination. For example, highly contaminated areas were found in the vicinity of the open pit, the tailings pond and the industrial area based on PIN results: 3.6%–4.9% of the total area in Baganuur and 3.1%–4.9% of the total area in Erdenet. The identified pollution levels emphasize the essential need for soil rehabilitation in mining areas, a key factor for Mongolia's economic development and environmental stability. In addition, the lack of documented soil rehabilitation initiatives underscores the pressing need for enhanced environmental responsibility in the country's expanding mining sector.Item Results of Simulations of Atmosphere-lake Interactions Using Numerical Model(2022) Ganbat Danaa; Gantuya GanbatLakes influence the regional atmosphere through modifying thermodynamic characteristics. This study examines the effects of the Baikal lake on meteorological parameters in summertime using the numerical model. Diurnal variations in the lakes’ impact on the atmosphere are found through changing the surface energy budget, which includes changes in sensible and latent heat fluxes. The changes in heat fluxes cause relatively lower surface temperature which leads to a shallow boundary layer over the lake surfaces. Greater heat capacity in water bodies compared to grasslands causes slower heating and cooling rates in the lakes. The amplitude of air temperature over the lake surfaces is smaller than that over the grasslands. Lakes promote diverging winds near the ground, furthermore, tend to stabilize the overlying atmosphere in the summertime.