Planning, Monitoring, Closure, Renaturation, and Reclamation of Dump and Heap Leaching Operations under Special Consideration of Environmental Risks

Abstract

Copper is a metal that has numerous applications in our surroundings and industrial sector due to its physical and chemical properties whereas potentially pertinent applications of gold are extended with forthcoming and outstanding nanotechnology where gold nanoparticles play role in biological sciences, chemical platforms, and materials science. Absence of highgrade deposits results in developing technologies which recover newly found or old stockpiled low grade, complex ores. Heap and dump leaching processes are designated for the low-grade ore since capital cost is relatively low than other percolation leaching processes.