Bachelor Thesis
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Item APPLICATION OF SEED ZONE MAPPING IN MONGOLIA: A CASE STUDY FOR MINE REHABILITATION;(GMIT, 2026-06-20) Nomin-Erdene G.; 1 st Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Gantuya Ganbat; 2 nd Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Yong Ho LeeLand degradation from mining activities represents a critical environmental challenge in Mongolia, where the lack of a systematic framework for native plant material selection has limited the effectiveness of mine rehabilitation. This study addresses this gap by developing the first comprehensive GIS-based seed zone map for Mongolia, delineating 44 discrete seed zones through the integration of natural vegetation zones, plant hardiness zones derived from January minimum temperature, and precipitation zones derived from long-term annual precipitation data. The delineation followed a hierarchical, ecoregion-first approach implemented in ArcMap 10.8, with statistical validation performed using PERMANOVA, pairwise environmental distance matrix analysis, and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). PERMANOVA results confirmed statistically significant environmental differentiation among the six ecoregion groups (F = 4.808, R² = 0.388, p = 0.001), with LDA accounting for 72.8% of between-group variation along the first discriminant axis. The framework was applied to the Energy Resource LLC (Ukhaa Khudag coal mine) in Umnugovi province as a case study. The mine was identified within seed zone MZ7 (Dundgovi Desert zone, H5, Semi-dry), and evaluation of current practices revealed that distant seed sourcing introduces a measurable risk of maladaptation. Native species such as Haloxylon ammodendron and Caragana spp. were identified as the most ecologically suitable for MZ7 conditions. The developed framework provides a scientifically grounded spatial decision-support tool for guiding seed sourcing in mine rehabilitation and ecological restoration across Mongolia.Item Industrial engineering in Mongolia: Career paths, awareness, and Future opportunities:(GMIT,, 2026-06-20) Saruul Ts.; Supervisor 1st: Enkhzaya Ch. Prof.; Supervisor 2nd; Dorjsundui G. MrThis paper presents findings on employment outcomes, skills utilization, employer recognition, and the value proposition of Industrial Engineering (IE) at the German-Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology (GMIT). Through a mixed-methods Graduate Tracer Study (GTS) design, this research triangulated quantitative responses from 35 out of 49 graduates (response rate: 71.4%, cohorts 2020–2025) with qualitative interviews with three graduates. The study is guided by three research questions addressing labor market insertion (RQ1), employer recognition (RQ2), and future outlook (RQ3) of IE at GMIT. Graduates from GMIT’s IE program have an employment rate of 85.7% and median time to employment of three months. Industry distribution among employed graduates is led by Mining (38.7%), mirroring Mongolia’s status as a resource-driven economy. Despite strong employment outcomes, IE is still perceived poorly by employers (mean 2.79/5). This key finding supports the study’s hypothesis that GMIT IE graduates are already creating value within industry functionally, but IE remains unrecognized institutionally. Respondents most frequently cited gaps between academic training and industry needs around data analytics skills (+0.94 on a 5-point scale) and knowledge of target industries (59.4%). Qualitative interview data highlight systems thinking as the most consistently applicable skill among graduates. This research provides the first systematic body of empirical evidence on GMIT IE graduate outcomes. Based on these findings, we offer twelve specific recommendations for program improvement referenced to the program’s Module Handbook (ACA-PO-022-v1.0, June 2024) [21].Item Energy Efficiency Assessment in Small Manufacturing Processes in Mongolia:(GMIT, Nalaikh, 2026-06-20) Tsogzolmaa E.; Supervisor 1st. Bolormaa P, Prof. Dr.; Supervisor 2nd, Dorjsundui G, MrEnergy efficiency matters for small manufacturing enterprises because it affects production costs, electricity use, and overall operational performance. In Mongolia, this issue is becoming more important due to rising electricity costs, supply reliability concerns, and limited use of energy management practices in small and medium-sized enterprises. This thesis examines the energy efficiency of a chips factory in Mongolia through a case study approach. The study uses one year of factory data from 2025, including electricity consumption, production output, raw material input, and equipment information. Interviews with factory staff were also conducted to understand factory operations and possible improvement opportunities better. The analysis focused on electricity consumption, energy intensity, electricity cost per package, and the distribution of electricity use across different processes. A time-of-use tariff scenario was also evaluated to examine possible cost savings. The results show that electricity consumption increased in high-production months, indicating a strong production–energy relationship; however, changes in energy intensity reveal whether efficiency improved or deteriorated. Energy intensity became less efficient during low-production periods. The study also found that most electricity was used in the main production processes and supporting systems. In addition, the time-of-use tariff analysis suggests that some cost savings may be possible with better production scheduling. Overall, the study concludes that energy efficiency in the selected factory can be improved not only through technical changes, but also through practical actions such as better monitoring, maintenance, and scheduling. The findings may also be useful for other small manufacturing enterprises in Mongolia.Item Optimization of mining export logistics in Mongolia(GMIT, Nalaikh, 2026-06-20) Telmuun B.; Supervisor 1st: Prof. Dr. Bolormaa P.; Supervisor 2nd: Mr. Undrakh N.This thesis assesses the export logistics system supplying Erdenet Mining Corporation (EMC), Mongolia's premier copper concentrate exporter and state-owned mineral enterprise, which represents 13.5 percent of Mongolia's GDP. Scope included material flow from the Erdenetiin-Ovoo mine and the 164 km long Erdenet rail spur as well as the Trans-Mongolian Railway mainline and border crossing at Zamyn-Uud/Erenhot to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. The 2022-2025 audited financial statements show operating cost-per-tonne rising 57.8 percent over the four years whilst profit-per-tonne saw little change, hitting a low of MNT 1.315 million in 2025 from MNT 1.328 million in 2022. Revenue per tonne grew 42.1 percent-substantially slower than cost growth, indicating structural erosion of operational efficiency that favorable copper prices have partially masked. Theory of Constraints-based bottleneck analysis identifies the border crossing between Zamyn-Uud and Erenhot as the system bottleneck. Actual observed border crossing times average from 27 to 37 hours per train, resulting in a Process Cycle Efficiency of less than 10%. Secondary constraints include uncoordinated scheduling on the ErdenetDarkhan spur and the routing of all through-freight via the congested Ulaanbaatar urban corridor. Three optimization phases are proposed. Phase 1 implements Electronic Data Interchange pre-clearance protocols, Authorized Economic Operator classification, and dedicated unit train scheduling. Phase 2 leverages the Bogdkhan Railway Bypass, currently under construction and expected to open in November 2026, to eliminate the Ulaanbaatar bottleneck and enable a 13 percent volume increase. Phase 3 evaluates construction of a greenfield copper smelter to increase product value density by a factor of 4.6 and permanently eliminate Treatment and Refining Charge exposure. Financial modeling under base-case assumptions demonstrates that full system optimization yields an EBITDA uplift of USD 284 million per year, expanding the EBITDA margin from 28.8 percent to 40.2 percent. The Mongolian state budget contribution increases from USD 632 million to USD 952 million annually - a USD 320 million increment. The smelter project generates a positive Net Present Value of USD 850 million at an 84 percent real discount rate, with a break-even copper price of USD 9,500 per tonne - well below current market levels.Item Mechanical, chemical, and Thermal processing of acid-grade fluorspar concentrates:(GMIT, Nalaikh, 2026-06-20) Dulguun S.; Supervisor 1nd, Purev-Ochir T., Prof. Dr.; Supervisor 2st, Narangarav T., Dr.This study investigates the chemical purification of fluorite (CaF₂) concentrate toward acid-grade quality (≥97% CaF₂) using sequential hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) leaching. The feed material, obtained as a flotation concentrate from a Mongolian deposit, contained approximately 93.02% CaF₂, with silica (2–4%), iron (0.11–0.13%), and carbonate minerals as the primary impurities. The purification process was evaluated through a series of controlled experiments, varying NaOH concentration (1–4 M) and temperature (70–90°C) while maintaining consistent HCl leaching conditions (1 M, 50°C). Chemical and mineralogical characterization was conducted using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), supported by titration and gravimetric analysis for accurate determination of CaF₂, CaCO₃, and SiO₂ contents. HCl leaching was found to be highly effective in removing carbonate and iron impurities, resulting in a consistent decrease in iron content and an apparent increase in calcium concentration due to gangue dissolution. However, silica remained largely unaffected during acid treatment, confirming the chemical stability of quartz. In contrast, NaOH leaching demonstrated that temperature is the dominant factor controlling silica removal. At 70°C, silica reduction was negligible, whereas at 90°C, a maximum reduction of approximately 16.5% was achieved, indicating enhanced dissolution of silica under elevated temperature conditions. The combined treatment resulted in an increase in CaF₂ grade to a maximum of 95.18%, representing a significant improvement over the feed material. However, the acid-grade specification was not achieved, primarily due to incomplete silica removal, with residual silica remaining in the range of 3–4%. The results confirm that sequential HCl and NaOH leaching is an effective approach for fluorite purification, particularly for the removal of iron and carbonate impurities. Nevertheless, further optimization of alkaline treatment conditions, including increased temperature, extended reaction time, or improved mineral liberation, is required to achieve complete silica removal and meet industrial acid-grade specifications.Item Assessment and Modernization of Relay Protection Systems for Auxiliary Transformers at Thermal Power Plant No. 4: Bachelor Thesis(GMIT, Nalaikh, 2026-06-20) Namuun Ts.; Ankhbayar V. Thesis Supervisor 1st; Ariunbolor P. Ph.D, Thesis Supervisor 2ndThis thesis presents an engineering assessment and modernization proposal for the relay protection system of auxiliary transformer 2BT at Thermal Power Plant No. 4 in Mongolia. The reliable operation of the auxiliary power supply system is essential for maintaining the continuous and safe operation of major plant auxiliaries, including boiler feed pumps, draft fans, circulating pumps, and other motor-driven equipment required for unit operation. The study evaluates the technical condition of the existing 25 MVA, 10.5/6.3/6.3 kV auxiliary transformer 2BT and its associated relay protection system. The assessment includes connected load analysis, transformer loading verification, short-circuit current calculation, review of the existing protection functions, selection of a suitable replacement transformer, and calculation of relay protection settings for the proposed modernization scheme. The load calculation was performed using the demand-factor method, while the short-circuit current calculation was carried out using the per-unit method. The calculated apparent load of transformer 2BT is 26.25 MVA, which exceeds the rated capacity of the existing 25 MVA transformer. This indicates insufficient loading reserve under the considered operating condition and justifies the replacement of the existing unit with a higher-rated transformer. Based on technical compatibility and capacity requirements, the ТРДНС-32000/10 У1 transformer with a rated power of 32 MVA is selected as the preferred replacement option. The calculated three-phase short-circuit currents are 26.07 kA at the 10.5 kV side and 15.08 kA at the 6.3 kV auxiliary bus section. The existing electromechanical relay protection devices are technologically outdated because they offer limited setting flexibility, lack self-diagnostics, lack disturbance recording, and have restricted communication capability. Therefore, the SEL-387A microprocessor-based transformer protection relay is proposed for modernization. This relay provides three-winding differential protection, backup overcurrent protection, harmonic restraint, thermal overload protection, breaker failure protection, event recording, and communication functions. The economic evaluation shows an estimated annual saving of 33,000,000 MNT and a payback period of approximately 9.4 years. The results demonstrate that the proposed transformer replacement and relay protection modernization will improve the reliability, selectivity, sensitivity, and maintainability of the auxiliary power supply system at TPP-4. Assessment and Modernization of Relay Protection Systems for Auxiliary Transformers at TPP-4Item DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SENSOR-BASED WATER QUALITY MONITORING DEVICE: Bachelor's Thesis(GMIT, 2026-06-20) Batnyam B.; Odbileg Norovrinchen Ph.D,; Young Suk Kim Ph.D,This thesis presents the design, integration, and development of a sensor-based water quality monitoring device utilizing an ESP32 microcontroller, aimed at enabling real-time, accessible, and cost-effective water quality assessment. The system integrates four key sensors such as pH, turbidity, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and total dissolved solids (TDS), all managed through the ESP32 microcontroller. These sensors continuously measure fundamental water quality parameters, which are displayed on an LCD screen and transmitted via a Wi-Fi module for remote monitoring through computers or other smart devices. The system’s primary objective is to provide an efficient, portable, and affordable tool that allows users to easily evaluate water quality without the need for laboratory equipment. In the future, the system can be extended with additional sensors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, or conductivity sensors to further enhance measurement precision and environmental adaptability. Overall, this research successfully demonstrates a compact, modular, and practical prototype that contributes to improving water quality monitoring practices and supports sustainable water management solutions.Item Design and Simulation of a Regenerative Braking System for Small Electric Vehicles(GMIT, 2025) Sumiyadorj Rentsennorov; 1 st Supervisor: Prof. Ph.D. Sungchil Lee; 2 nd Supervisor: Ph.D. Kim Young SukSmall electric vehicles (SEVs), such as e-scooters and e-bikes, are becoming increasingly important for sustainable urban transport. However, their limited battery capacity significantly constrains range and usability, particularly in cities like Ulaanbaatar, where cold weather and limited charging infrastructure further exacerbate these issues. This thesis investigates the design, simulation, and prototype testing of a regenerative braking system (RBS) specifically tailored for lightweight SEVs, to improve energy efficiency through kinetic energy recovery during deceleration. The research begins with an exploration of the historical development and theoretical principles behind regenerative braking, including electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s Law, and energy conservation. A simulation model was developed in MATLAB/Simulink to replicate a realistic SEV drivetrain using a 12V brushed DC motor, an H-bridge inverter, a lithium-ion battery, and a control logic system for modulating torque. Simulations were performed under both regenerative and non-regenerative scenarios. The results showed that when braking was applied, the system recovered approximately 4.48 joules of energy from 38.87 joules consumed, achieving an energy recovery efficiency of 11.52%. In contrast, the coasting scenario confirmed zero energy recovery, highlighting the effectiveness of controlled regenerative braking. To validate the simulation, a hardware prototype was built using an Arduino Uno, L298N motor driver, ACS712 (1) current sensor, and a 14.8V 2800mAh battery pack. The prototype ran a similar 10-second drive-brake cycle, with real-time current and power readings collected to calculate energy use and recovery. While the simulation demonstrated ideal regenerative behavior, the physical system was limited by the L298N’s unidirectional current flow, allowing only dynamic braking but not true regeneration. Nevertheless, the prototype showed measurable reverse current during braking and achieved a recovery efficiency of 8.76%, confirming the system’s potential with improved hardware. This work concludes that regenerative braking can offer tangible energy savings in SEVs and provides a foundational model for implementing RBS in low-cost, micro-mobility systems. Future improvements, such as upgrading the motor driver to a bidirectional regenerative controller and integrating supercapacitor storage, are recommended to maximize energy recovery and system performance.Item INTEGRATING FLOOD MITIGATION AND GROUNDWATER RECHARGE IN WATER SCARCE MINING AREA OF SOUTHERN GOBI MONGOLIA(GMIT, 2025) TUGULDUR Bat-itgelt; 1 st Supervisor: Dr. Ariuntuya Tserendorj; 2 nd Supervisor: Dr. Alireza ArabThe Gobi region of Mongolia, characterized by its arid climate and lack of natural groundwater recharge, is increasingly facing intense flash flood events due to climate change. Despite being a dryland, the area experiences short-duration, high-intensity rainfall events that generate destructive runoff. Compounding this challenge, the region’s mineral abundance is driving rapid growth in water demand, particularly for mining activities. Groundwater remains the sole water source, yet it is unsustainably extracted without natural replenishment. This thesis investigates a nature-based solution: harvesting flash floodwater to support groundwater sustainability through managed infiltration. A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach integrated with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied using nine thematic layers (slope, soil type, land use, lithology, drainage density, lineament density, rainfall, groundwater depth, and runoff potential) to identify suitable zones for floodwater infiltration across a 1,600 km² study area. The Rational Method was employed to estimate the volume of runoff generated during a 5-year return period rainfall event. The analysis revealed that 35.04 km² (approximately 2%) of the total area is highly suitable for infiltration structures. Within this area, an estimated 1,013,256.86 m³ of floodwater can be harvested and redirected into aquifers per event. The findings support the strategic implementation of infiltration-based structures such as retention basins and recharge ponds to mitigate flood damage and enhance groundwater sustainability in climate-vulnerable, water-scarce mining regions.Item Investigation of Non-Chemical Methods for Wool Scouring Industrial Wastewater Treatment(GMIT, 2025) Narangua Khongorzul; 1 st Supervisor: Dr. Ariuntuya. Ts; 2 nd Supervisor: Mr. Baasandorj. MThis study investigates non-chemical technologies for treating wastewater from Mongolia’s cashmere and wool scouring industry. The treatment process consisted of three stages: primary clarification using an Imhoff cone, electrocoagulation using different electrode materials, and filtration with natural zeolite. The Imhoff cone removed approximately 50% of total suspended solids (TSS), reducing concentrations from about 1500 mg/L to 370 mg/L, showing effective pre-treatment through simple sedimentation. Electrocoagulation was carried out using three electrode types: Al–Al, Cu–Al, and Fe–Al. Among them, the Cu–Al electrode achieved the highest organic matter removal, reducing COD from 1789.67 mg/L to 23.2 mg/L and BOD₅ from 614 mg/L to 5.0 mg/L, thus meeting the MNS 6561:2024 Mongolian wastewater discharge standard. The Al–Al electrodes were most efficient for solid removal, while Fe–Al electrodes offered a balanced performance in reducing both organics and solids. In the final stage, natural zeolite filtration was used with 2 mm and 10 mm particle sizes. The 2 mm zeolite provided better COD removal (24.99% after 24 hours), although overall filtration performance was limited and not sufficient as a standalone treatment. The findings indicate that the combined process, especially Cu–Al electrocoagulation followed by zeolite filtration, is a cost-effective, low-maintenance, and promising method for treating wool scouring wastewater. To confirm scalability and long-term effectiveness, pilot-scale testing in real factory conditions is recommended.